Cannabinoid Encyclopedia

Cannabinoid guide

What is THC?

A clear guide to THC: what it is, what researchers have studied, how strong the evidence is, and what to know about safety.

Updated August 2026 156 research sources Human and early research

The short answer

THC, in simple terms

THC, short for tetrahydrocannabinol, is the main intoxicating cannabinoid in cannabis. Researchers study it for possible effects, safety, and how it works in the body. The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. The evidence does not turn this into one proven benefit, because studies can use different products, doses, routes, people, and outcomes. 1

Choose your next step

Want the quick path or the full picture?

Use this guide the way you need to. Start with the practical question, then open the study detail only when it helps answer something about THC.

Why people look into itSee the main questions before the research details. What researchers studiedSee the main areas and the evidence behind each one. Safety and limitsKeep product, dose, medications, and context in view. Open the sourcesGo directly to the studies and references used here.

Why people look into THC

What THC is commonly talked about for

These cards show the questions most represented in this source set. They are not a list of proven benefits, and the evidence label matters as much as the topic name.

  1. Mostly mechanism-focused

    CB2

    Researchers have examined THC in connection with CB2. The source details determine whether that is a human finding, an early model, or an open question. 3

    See research areas

  2. Human research included

    Appetite and metabolic outcomes

    Researchers have looked at THC in appetite or metabolism-related models. That does not show that it changes appetite, weight, or metabolism for people. 4

    See research areas

  3. Mostly mechanism-focused

    CB1

    Researchers have examined THC in connection with CB1. The source details determine whether that is a human finding, an early model, or an open question. 5

    See research areas

  4. Human and early-stage research

    Cognition and memory

    Researchers study THC in connection with neural signaling, behavior, or brain biology. Those findings should not be read as a proven human mood or cognition benefit. 6

    See research areas

  5. Human and early-stage research

    Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

    Safety research asks how THC, its dose, route, formulation, and other medications may change risk. The available evidence may not answer the safety question for every product or person. 2

    See research areas

Bottom line: Start with the exact question you care about, then check the study type, product, dose, and outcome before treating a research signal as a real-world effect.

Key takeaways

What to know first

  1. 1

    Research on THC covers Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns, CB2, and Appetite and metabolic outcomes; those areas should not be combined into one claim. 1

  2. 2

    The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 2

  3. 3

    Dose, formulation, route, study population, and outcome can change how closely a study applies to a real-world question. 3

Research areas

What has THC been studied for?

These are the main questions represented in the current literature. Each link opens a source used to build the overview.

Human and early-stage research

Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

Researchers have examined THC in connection with Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome. 2

Mostly mechanism-focused

CB2

Studies connect THC with CB2 at the level of receptors, enzymes, signaling, or pharmacology. This helps explain how the biology might work, but it does not prove a health outcome. 3

Human research included

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

Researchers have examined THC in connection with Appetite and metabolic outcomes. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome. 4

Mostly mechanism-focused

CB1

Studies connect THC with CB1 at the level of receptors, enzymes, signaling, or pharmacology. This helps explain how the biology might work, but it does not prove a health outcome. 5

Human and early-stage research

Cognition and memory

Researchers have examined THC in connection with Cognition and memory. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome. 6

Human research included

Sleep

Researchers have examined THC in connection with Sleep. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome. 7

How strong is the research?

Not every study answers the same question

This page separates research in people, research reviews, and earlier-stage biology before interpreting the larger question.

31 sources

Human studies

Research involving people is closest to everyday health questions. The product, dose, population, and outcome still determine what each study can show.

94 sources

Reviews and evidence summaries

Reviews can compare several studies at once. Their conclusion is only as strong and as relevant as the studies they include.

16 sources

Lab, animal, and mechanism research

Early-stage research can explain biological interest. It cannot, by itself, show that the same effect happens in people.

Another 15 of 156 research sources could not be placed cleanly into those three groups from the recorded study details.

What these studies actually looked at

The research on THC is not one kind of study. This source set includes 68 narrative or expert reviews, 26 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, 14 animal studies, and 13 clinical studies in people. 3

The recorded populations or models include people or patients (69 sources), animal models (13 sources), and cells or tissue models (10 sources). A result from one group or model should not be assumed to apply to another. 4

The most common recorded outcome focus is safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns (18 sources), appetite or metabolic outcomes (10 sources), and cognition or memory outcomes (10 sources). Closely related outcome names can still describe different measurements. 5

The THC source set also contains findings or reviews that remain too limited, indirect, or mixed for a broad answer. That uncertainty is part of the result, not an empty space to fill with assumptions. 6

Examples from the literature

What did the studies actually look at?

Each example names the research question and the study details recorded for that source.

narrative or expert review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the In Vivo Haemodynamic Effects of Δ⁸-Tetrahydrocannabinol.

On this page, this source examines THC and cardiovascular risk. 1

Study type
narrative or expert review
Population or model
animal models
Outcome focus
cardiovascular risk outcomes
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

narrative or expert review

Cannabis Use and the Risk for Psychosis and Affective Disorders.

On this page, this source examines THC and safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns and THC and psychiatric risk. 2

Study type
narrative or expert review
Outcome focus
safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns and psychiatric risk outcomes
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

narrative or expert review

The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.

On this page, this source examines THC activity involving receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms and THC activity involving CB2. 3

Study type
narrative or expert review
Population or model
cells or tissue models
Outcome focus
receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms and cB2 receptor pharmacology, ligand binding, selectivity, or signaling mechanisms
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

narrative or expert review

[Dronabinol (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in long-term treatment. Symptom control in patients with multiple sclerosis and spasticity, neuropathic pain, loss of appetite and cachexia].

On this page, this source examines THC and appetite and metabolic outcomes. 4

Study type
narrative or expert review
Population or model
people or patients
Outcome focus
appetite or metabolic outcomes
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

narrative or expert review

Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.

On this page, this source examines THC activity involving CB1 and THC activity involving TRPV1. 5

Study type
narrative or expert review
Population or model
cells or tissue models
Outcome focus
cB1 receptor pharmacology, ligand binding, or signaling mechanisms and tRPV1 channel activity, desensitization, binding, signaling, or pharmacology
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

Safety and limits

What should readers keep in mind?

Research on THC should be read beside safety. A compound can be non-intoxicating or naturally occurring and still have pharmacologic effects, side effects, interactions, or product-quality concerns. 2

Research doses are descriptions of what a study tested. They are not personal dosing instructions. Questions involving medications, pregnancy, children, driving, liver health, heart health, or serious symptoms deserve professional medical guidance.

Drug interactions Pregnancy and children Driving and impairment All safety topics

Common questions

Questions people ask

What is THC?

THC is a cannabinoid-related compound studied across Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns, CB2, Appetite and metabolic outcomes, and CB1. This page separates those research questions so they are not mistaken for one broad claim. 7

What has THC been studied for?

The current source set includes Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns, CB2, Appetite and metabolic outcomes, and CB1. Each area may use different doses, products, routes, populations, and outcome measures. 8

How strong is the research on THC?

The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 9

Is THC safe?

Safety cannot be answered for THC without context. Dose, route, formulation, medications, and the person using it can all change risk. 10

Sources

Read the research

The numbered sources below support the main overview. Links open the PubMed record or DOI in a new tab.

  1. 1
    A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the In Vivo Haemodynamic Effects of Δ⁸-Tetrahydrocannabinol. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 29385080 DOI 10.3390/ph11010013
  2. 2
    Cannabis Use and the Risk for Psychosis and Affective Disorders. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 31647377 DOI 10.1080/15504263.2019.1674991
  3. 3
    The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 17828291 DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442
  4. 4
    [Dronabinol (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in long-term treatment. Symptom control in patients with multiple sclerosis and spasticity, neuropathic pain, loss of appetite and cachexia]. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 23570087
  5. 5
    Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 16596770 DOI 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_1
  6. 6
    Cannabinoids: Medical implications. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 26912385 DOI 10.3109/07853890.2016.1145794
  7. 7
    The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 40186931 DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
  8. 8
    Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 12412838 DOI 10.1002/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06005.x
  9. 9
    Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 41025421 DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd008940.pub4
  10. 10
    Alleviation of opioid withdrawal by cannabis and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: A systematic review of observational and experimental human studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 36434879 DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109702
  11. 11
    Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 35901795 DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(22
  12. 12
    Association of driving with blood delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 40172477 DOI 10.1093/ijnp/pyaf021
See all 156 research sources

This complete source list is the deeper research layer for the page. Study type and evidence context are shown when they are available in the current record.

  1. Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33497784
  2. Cannabis and driving ability. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33839427
  3. Association of driving with blood delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40172477
  4. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis use disorder. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 3 linked research notes PubMed 41025421
  5. Mechanisms of cannabis impairment: Implications for modeling driving performance. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 34634690
  6. Prescribing medicinal cannabis. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33093741
  7. Driving Impairment Cases Involving Etizolam and Flubromazolam. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32399568
  8. High Stakes: Exploring the Impact of Cannabis Use in Pregnancy and Lactation. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40164212
  9. Risks of Cannabinoid Exposure on Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40589083
  10. Effects of maternal edible THC consumption on offspring lung growth and function in a rhesus macaque model. clinical study in people; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 39903192
  11. Association of Cannabis with Apneic Episodes in a Breastfed Infant: A Case Study. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 38469628
  12. Cannabis use during pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and effects on child development. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 28847562
  13. Impact of cannabinoids on pregnancy, reproductive health, and offspring outcomes. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35662548
  14. Cannabis and synaptic reprogramming of the developing brain. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 34021274
  15. Development and validation of the Cannabis Exposure in Pregnancy Tool (CEPT): a mixed methods study. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 38627667
  16. Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36257598
  17. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 17828291
  18. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 25220897
  19. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure. animal study; preclinical research / 1 linked research note PubMed 30550613
  20. Cannabinoid Ligands Targeting TRP Channels. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 6 linked research notes PubMed 30697147
  21. Cannabis Use and the Risk for Psychosis and Affective Disorders. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 31647377
  22. The contribution of addictovigilance data to the French medical cannabis experimentation. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 39547825
  23. Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 34791767
  24. Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 35510826
  25. The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 3 linked research notes PubMed 40186931
  26. Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39151115
  27. Brands of Intoxicating Cannabis Products in Vape Shops: United States, 2023. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 41324909
  28. Synthetic Strategies for Rare Cannabinoids Derived from Cannabis sativa. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35648593
  29. Chiral Separation of Cannabichromene, Cannabicyclol, and Their Acidic Analogs on Polysaccharide Chiral Stationary Phases. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36770831
  30. A new HPLC method with multiple detection systems for impurity analysis and discrimination of natural versus synthetic cannabidiol. evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 38940871
  31. Maternal immune activation impairs endocannabinoid signaling in the mesolimbic system of adolescent male offspring. animal study; preclinical research / 1 linked research note PubMed 36746342
  32. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 12648025
  33. Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids. cell or laboratory study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 37083031
  34. Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 38162115
  35. Bidimensional heart-cut achiral-chiral liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of the main chiral phytocannabinoids and enantiomerization studies of cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 37708768
  36. Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35566314
  37. An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 3 linked research notes PubMed 26698193
  38. The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 26271952
  39. Cannabinoid activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential for modulation of inflammatory disease. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 19833407
  40. Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 17704824
  41. FAAH and MAGL inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities from regulating endocannabinoid levels. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 20047159
  42. Chemical Probes for Investigating the Endocannabinoid System. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 39747798
  43. Impact of tetrahydrocannabinol on the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism: ABHD6 and ABHD12 as novel players in human placenta. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 32829065
  44. Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 12412838
  45. Acute Effects of Cannabis Inhalation on Arterial Stiffness, Vascular Endothelial Function, and Cardiac Function. evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39575727
  46. Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial. clinical study in people; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 33536055
  47. Statewide Variation in Cannabinoid Regulations. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36848540
  48. Cautious Hope for Cannabidiol (CBD) in Rheumatology Care. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32144889
  49. Cannabidiol Gummy Products: LC-MS/MS Assessment of Cannabinoid Concentrations. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40454463
  50. Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Cannabidiol to Tetrahydrocannabinols: En Route to Demystifying Manufacturing Processes and Controlling the Reaction Outcomes. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40250991
  51. Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 31559335
  52. Derivation of a health-based guidance value for Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and its occurrence in food. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 41262681
  53. The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33168643
  54. Cannabinoids in the landscape of cancer. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 5 linked research notes PubMed 34259916
  55. Plant-derived cannabinoids modulate the activity of transient receptor potential channels of ankyrin type-1 and melastatin type-8. animal study; evidence still limited; mechanism-focused research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 18354058
  56. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 21175579
  57. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 30687936
  58. Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 21175589
  59. Cannabinoids: the lows and the highs of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 30720344
  60. Cannabinoids As Potential Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 27507945
  61. Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 3 linked research notes PubMed 41296368
  62. Therapeutic potential of minor cannabinoids in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 39541799
  63. Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39299947
  64. Cannabis and Mental Health: A Review. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 41801216
  65. Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35901795
  66. Cannabidiol: A Potential New Alternative for the Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, and Psychotic Disorders. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33228239
  67. High-Concentration Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Products and Mental Health Outcomes : A Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40854216
  68. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 31672337
  69. Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 12412837
  70. Cannabinoids and the heart-a psychiatrist's perspective. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 39331072
  71. The acute cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise and recovery following cannabis use. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 41115058
  72. At the heart of the matter: the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular function and dysfunction. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 22503477
  73. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the In Vivo Haemodynamic Effects of Δ⁸-Tetrahydrocannabinol. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 29385080
  74. The effects of combinations of intranasal cocaine, smoked marijuana, and task performance on heart rate and blood pressure. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 2162543
  75. Cumulative Effects of Cannabis Oils on Body Temperature, Electrocardiography, Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure, and Respiratory Function in Telemetered Dogs. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 42131827
  76. Actions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis: relation to use, abuse, dependence. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 19367504
  77. [Cannabis use and cannabis use disorders]. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 39134752
  78. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 25515775
  79. Alleviation of opioid withdrawal by cannabis and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: A systematic review of observational and experimental human studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36434879
  80. Cannabinoids: Medical implications. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 26912385
  81. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance: a randomized crossover trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 32386395
  82. Developing a phone-based measure of impairment after acute oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. clinical study in people; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 31407943
  83. Acute effects of naturalistic THC vs. CBD use on recognition memory: a preliminary study. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33526107
  84. Acute administration of THC impairs spatial but not associative memory function in zebrafish. mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 24639045
  85. Effects of different methods of cannabis use on cognition and blood THC: A systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40368229
  86. [Cannabis: Similarities and differences with tobacco]. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32381378
  87. The Individual and Interactive Effects of Alpha-Pinene and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Adults. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 40734690
  88. Cognitive and subjective dose-response effects of acute oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in infrequent cannabis users. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 12373420
  89. The acute effects of cannabis on human executive function. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 30199388
  90. Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 35982439
  91. Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : An Updated Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 41429020
  92. Ingestion of a THC-Rich Cannabis Oil in People with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 33118602
  93. Pharmacology of Medical Cannabis. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 31332738
  94. Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 37283486
  95. Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : A Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35667066
  96. Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 29307505
  97. Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 34802112
  98. Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Use in Clinical Practice. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35328765
  99. Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 27274310
  100. The Risk of QTc Prolongation with Antiemetics in the Palliative Care Setting: A Narrative Review. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33974499
  101. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 18391612
  102. [Dronabinol (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in long-term treatment. Symptom control in patients with multiple sclerosis and spasticity, neuropathic pain, loss of appetite and cachexia]. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 23570087
  103. Cancer cachexia and cannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 10575285
  104. Orexigenic and anabolic agents. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 12608509
  105. Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 29670357
  106. Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 16849753
  107. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 29400010
  108. Clinical utility of dronabinol in the treatment of weight loss associated with HIV and AIDS. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 26929669
  109. Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 15050664
  110. The cancer cachexia syndrome. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 9208884
  111. The Effects of Dosage-Controlled Cannabis Capsules on Cancer-Related Cachexia and Anorexia Syndrome in Advanced Cancer Patients: Pilot Study. human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 31595793
  112. Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 36539991
  113. Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 40631525
  114. Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis? narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 31161270
  115. Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36107800
  116. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 32430450
  117. Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33244728
  118. Cannabis: are there any benefits? clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 33215831
  119. Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36149724
  120. Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32603954
  121. Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 16596770
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