Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The Appetite and metabolic outcomes source set should still be read with safety context in mind. Mechanistic or preclinical evidence should not be converted into consumer instructions, and product identity can change how closely a source applies. PMID 32899626

PubMed For Dummies Article

Appetite and metabolic outcomes Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • Appetite and metabolic outcomes currently has 39 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 32899626
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (16), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), preliminary human (6), and preclinical (4). PMID 33526143
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (14), Animal study (9), Human clinical study (7), and other mapped categories (6). PMID 40270953
  • The repeated topics are Appetite and metabolic outcomes (39), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 27573936

Start with the research question

Appetite and metabolic outcomes is built from 39 source-backed evidence row(s) and 37 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (16), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), preliminary human (6), and preclinical (4), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (14), Animal study (9), Human clinical study (7), and other mapped categories (6). PMID 32899626

The row-level question is not simply whether Appetite and metabolic outcomes is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Appetite and metabolic outcomes (39). PMID 33526143

Human evidence 6 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 21740450

Preclinical evidence 4 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 42196303

Mechanistic evidence 13 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 33230154

Limits and uncertainty 16 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 39968488

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 40363798

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is Appetite and metabolic outcomes. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Appetite and metabolic outcomes, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 32899626

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 33526143

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

16 research sources 16 rows (620-635) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (5), preclinical (4), preliminary human (2)

Appetite and metabolic outcomes appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 16 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 620

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight,... PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 635

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39192735

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

13 research sources 13 rows (37-735) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preliminary human (2)

Appetite and metabolic outcomes appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 13 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 33526143

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 33526143

  • Evidence row 37

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabo... PMID 33526143

  • Evidence row 735

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32904155

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

10 research sources 10 rows (488-497) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (8), preliminary human (2)

Appetite and metabolic outcomes appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 10 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 23570087

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 23570087

  • Evidence row 488

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outc... PMID 23570087

  • Evidence row 497

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31595793

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (6 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (13 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (0 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 32899626

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 33526143

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 11599601
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 23570087
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 10575285

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 32899626

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 33526143

Source-reading checklist for Appetite and metabolic outcomes

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 12608509
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 29670357
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 16849753
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 29400010
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 26929669

Source Notes

Appetite and metabolic outcomes source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 37

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33526143

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes.
  2. Evidence row 38

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 40270953

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The role of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in metabolic disorders: A promising cannabinoid for diabetes and weight management.
  3. Evidence row 39

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  4. Evidence row 77

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 27573936

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study.
  5. Evidence row 78

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 21740450

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: CB₁-independent mechanisms of Δ⁹-THCV, AM251 and SR141716 (rimonabant).
  6. Evidence row 79

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42196303

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: SKNY-1, a THCV Analog, Produces Weight Loss, Lipid Normalization and Attenuation of Reward-Associated Behaviors in an mc4r(G894C) Zebrafish Model of Obesity.
  7. Evidence row 80

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  8. Evidence row 81

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39968488

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Weight Loss and Therapeutic Metabolic Effects of Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)-Infused Mucoadhesive Strips.
  9. Evidence row 82

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 40363798

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The Impact of Major and Minor Phytocannabinoids on the Maintenance and Function of INS-1 β-Cells Under High-Glucose and High-Lipid Conditions.
  10. Evidence row 83

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 11599601

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin as a marker for the ingestion of marijuana versus Marinol: results of a clinical study.
  11. Evidence row 488

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 23570087

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Dronabinol (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in long-term treatment. Symptom control in patients with multiple sclerosis and spasticity, neuropathic pain, loss of appetite and cachexia].
  12. Evidence row 489

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 10575285

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cancer cachexia and cannabinoids.
  13. Evidence row 490

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 12608509

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Orexigenic and anabolic agents.
  14. Evidence row 491

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 29670357

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer.
  15. Evidence row 492

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 16849753

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group.
  16. Evidence row 493

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 29400010

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine.
  17. Evidence row 494

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 26929669

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Clinical utility of dronabinol in the treatment of weight loss associated with HIV and AIDS.
  18. Evidence row 495

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 15050664

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Systematic review of megestrol acetate in the treatment of anorexia-cachexia syndrome.
  19. Evidence row 496

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 9208884

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The cancer cachexia syndrome.
  20. Evidence row 497

    THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31595793

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: The Effects of Dosage-Controlled Cannabis Capsules on Cancer-Related Cachexia and Anorexia Syndrome in Advanced Cancer Patients: Pilot Study.
  21. Evidence row 620

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  22. Evidence row 621

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  23. Evidence row 622

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42105814

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.
  24. Evidence row 623

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37305529

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol modulates α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat.
  25. Evidence row 624

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 41056638

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Sphingolipid metabolism and insulin resistance - Does cannabigerol protect against experimental colitis induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet?
  26. Evidence row 625

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 36654096

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L.
  27. Evidence row 626

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 27503475

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats.
  28. Evidence row 627

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 36397993

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives.
  29. Evidence row 628

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 28125508

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: A cannabigerol-rich Cannabis sativa extract, devoid of [INCREMENT]9-tetrahydrocannabinol, elicits hyperphagia in rats.
  30. Evidence row 629

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 34569849

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms.
  31. Evidence row 630

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31035309

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Chemotherapy-induced cachexia dysregulates hypothalamic and systemic lipoamines and is attenuated by cannabigerol.
  32. Evidence row 631

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31941059

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus.
  33. Evidence row 632

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32795544

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Urinary cannabinoid mass spectrometry profiles differentiate dronabinol from cannabis use.
  34. Evidence row 633

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 21924288

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders.
  35. Evidence row 634

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 22543671

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns.
  36. Evidence row 635

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39192735

    Evidence class: preclinical. Source: Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp.
  37. Evidence row 733

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  38. Evidence row 734

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37108282

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Protects Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASC) against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Development and Reduces Inflammation during Adipogenesis.
  39. Evidence row 735

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32904155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: High fat-fed GPR55 null mice display impaired glucose tolerance without concomitant changes in energy balance or insulin sensitivity but are less responsive to the effects of the cannabinoids rimonabant or Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin on weight gain.