Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The Inflammation-related outcomes source set should still be read with safety context in mind. Mechanistic or preclinical evidence should not be converted into consumer instructions, and product identity can change how closely a source applies. PMID 30627539

PubMed For Dummies Article

Inflammation-related outcomes Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • Inflammation-related outcomes currently has 60 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 30627539
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are mechanistic or pharmacological (25), insufficient (21), preclinical (13), and preliminary human (1). PMID 21749363
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Animal study (30), Narrative or expert review (11), Cellular or in vitro study (8), and other mapped categories (3). PMID 41680865
  • The repeated topics are Inflammation-related outcomes (35), and nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes (25), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 37332213

Start with the research question

Inflammation-related outcomes is built from 60 source-backed evidence row(s) and 56 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as mechanistic or pharmacological (25), insufficient (21), preclinical (13), and preliminary human (1), and the study-design language most often reads as Animal study (30), Narrative or expert review (11), Cellular or in vitro study (8), and other mapped categories (3). PMID 30627539

The row-level question is not simply whether Inflammation-related outcomes is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Inflammation-related outcomes (35), and nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes (25). PMID 39598860

Human evidence 1 row

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 41545891

Preclinical evidence 13 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 41213439

Mechanistic evidence 25 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 39921943

Limits and uncertainty 21 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 37764262

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 41256665

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Inflammation-related outcomes, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 30627539

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 39598860

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes

25 research sources 25 rows (43-148) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (12), mechanistic or pharmacological (9), preclinical (4)

Inflammation-related outcomes appears in rows studying nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 25 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 30627539

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 30627539

  • Evidence row 43

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-relate... PMID 30627539

  • Evidence row 148

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 39667593

Inflammation-related outcomes

22 research sources 22 rows (584-605) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (7), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preclinical (7)

Inflammation-related outcomes appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 22 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 584

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immu... PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 605

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 32996187

Inflammation-related outcomes

9 research sources 9 rows (34-76) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (4), preclinical (2), preliminary human (1)

Inflammation-related outcomes appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 21749363

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 34

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain... PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 76

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outco... PMID 42139799

Inflammation-related outcomes

4 research sources 4 rows (783-786) Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (4)

Inflammation-related outcomes appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37764262

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 37764262

  • Evidence row 783

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammat... PMID 37764262

  • Evidence row 786

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-... PMID 36559009

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (1 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (25 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (0 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 30627539

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 39598860

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 42139799
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 34115951
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 29057454

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 30627539

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 39598860

Source-reading checklist for Inflammation-related outcomes

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 35984924
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 32488349
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 31897571
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 23121618
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 26439367

Source Notes

Inflammation-related outcomes source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 34

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  2. Evidence row 35

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41680865

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.
  3. Evidence row 36

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 37332213

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The Mechanism of Cannabichromene and Cannabidiol Alone Versus in Combination in the Alleviation of Arthritis-Related Inflammation.
  4. Evidence row 43

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 30627539

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer.
  5. Evidence row 71

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
  6. Evidence row 72

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41213439

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol-rich Cannabis sativa to mitigate the severity of inflammation and pain: A pre-clinical study.
  7. Evidence row 73

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 39921943

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.
  8. Evidence row 74

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  9. Evidence row 75

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41256665

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  10. Evidence row 76

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 42139799

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  11. Evidence row 125

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 41545891

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
  12. Evidence row 126

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 34115951

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Cannabidiolic Acid Methyl Ester as Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting.
  13. Evidence row 127

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 29057454

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabidiolic acid methyl ester, a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid, can produce 5-HT1A receptor-mediated suppression of nausea and anxiety in rats.
  14. Evidence row 128

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 35984924

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Evaluation of Sex Differences in the Potential of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol, Cannabidiolic Acid, and Oleoyl Alanine to Reduce Nausea-Induced Conditioned Gaping Reactions in Sprague-Dawley Rats.
  15. Evidence row 129

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32488349

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Evaluation of repeated or acute treatment with cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) or CBDA methyl ester (HU-580) on nausea and/or vomiting in rats and shrews.
  16. Evidence row 130

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 31897571

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of combined doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
  17. Evidence row 131

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 23121618

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation.
  18. Evidence row 132

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 26439367

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Neuromotor tolerability and behavioural characterisation of cannabidiolic acid, a phytocannabinoid with therapeutic potential for anticipatory nausea.
  19. Evidence row 133

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 24595502

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping.
  20. Evidence row 134

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 26381155

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of combined doses of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) on acute and anticipatory nausea using rat (Sprague- Dawley) models of conditioned gaping.
  21. Evidence row 135

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 24012649

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Suppression of lithium chloride-induced conditioned gaping (a model of nausea-induced behaviour) in rats (using the taste reactivity test) with metoclopramide is enhanced by cannabidiolic acid.
  22. Evidence row 136

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 35256692

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Short term feeding of industrial hemp with a high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content increases lying behavior and reduces biomarkers of stress and inflammation in Holstein steers.
  23. Evidence row 137

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 37083031

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids.
  24. Evidence row 138

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 30225659

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiolic acid and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol on carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in a rodent model of inflammatory pain.
  25. Evidence row 139

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 36342776

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Medical Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Among Adult Chronic Pain Patients.
  26. Evidence row 140

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32401504

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Raman-Based Differentiation of Hemp, Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp, and Cannabis.
  27. Evidence row 141

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32735381

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low-THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles.
  28. Evidence row 142

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 35807623

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Phytochemical Analysis of the Methanolic Extract and Essential Oil from Leaves of Industrial Hemp Futura 75 Cultivar: Isolation of a New Cannabinoid Derivative and Biological Profile Using Computational Approaches.
  29. Evidence row 143

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 25655949

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The effect of phytocannabinoids on airway hyper-responsiveness, airway inflammation, and cough.
  30. Evidence row 144

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32517131

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: (‒)-Cannabidiolic Acid, a Still Overlooked Bioactive Compound: An Introductory Review and Preliminary Research.
  31. Evidence row 145

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 35629320

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity.
  32. Evidence row 146

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32798553

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Behavioural and molecular effects of cannabidiolic acid in mice.
  33. Evidence row 147

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 26030435

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Synergy between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol in the regulation of emesis in the Suncus murinus (house musk shrew).
  34. Evidence row 148

    CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 39667593

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Alginate-based microencapsulation as a strategy to improve the therapeutic potential of cannabidiolic acid.
  35. Evidence row 584

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  36. Evidence row 585

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  37. Evidence row 586

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39322049

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally administered Cannabigerol (CBG) in rats: Cannabimimetic actions, anxiety-like behavior, and inflammation-induced pain.
  38. Evidence row 587

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 33998900

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
  39. Evidence row 588

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39921943

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.
  40. Evidence row 589

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 23415610

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease.
  41. Evidence row 590

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39699828

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Vacuous Chewing Movements in Mice.
  42. Evidence row 591

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36615835

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Low-Dose Administration of Cannabigerol Attenuates Inflammation and Fibrosis Associated with Methionine/Choline Deficient Diet-Induced NASH Model via Modulation of Cannabinoid Receptor.
  43. Evidence row 592

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40818359

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol attenuates liver fibrosis via AMPK activation: Regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation.
  44. Evidence row 593

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 35614947

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Medical Cannabis Activity Against Inflammation: Active Compounds and Modes of Action.
  45. Evidence row 594

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40725084

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Targeting Vascular and Inflammatory Crosstalk: Cannabigerol as a Dual-Pathway Modulator in Rosacea.
  46. Evidence row 595

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41914282

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol Reduces Lipid Peroxidation Influencing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes Exposed to UVA Radiation.
  47. Evidence row 596

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41423277

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Exerts In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects via Inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB Pathways.
  48. Evidence row 597

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40362835

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Alleviates Liver Damage in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis Female Mice via Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1.
  49. Evidence row 598

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39009468

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model.
  50. Evidence row 599

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41056638

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Sphingolipid metabolism and insulin resistance - Does cannabigerol protect against experimental colitis induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet?
  51. Evidence row 600

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36654096

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L.
  52. Evidence row 601

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 29562280

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: The Use of Cannabinoids in Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  53. Evidence row 602

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40943856

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally Administered CBD/CBG Hemp Extract Reduces Severity of Ulcerative Colitis and Pain in a Murine Model.
  54. Evidence row 603

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39128189

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol as an anti-inflammatory agent altering the level of arachidonic acid derivatives in the colon tissue of rats subjected to a high-fat high-sucrose diet.
  55. Evidence row 604

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 28343385

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Animal study. Source: Development of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Cannabidiol, Cannabidivarin, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin, and Cannabigerol in Mouse Peripheral Tissues.
  56. Evidence row 605

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 32996187

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation.
  57. Evidence row 783

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  58. Evidence row 784

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 27498155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and a Cannabis sativa extract with high content in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin inhibit nitrite production in murine peritoneal macrophages.
  59. Evidence row 785

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 33446817

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages.
  60. Evidence row 786

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36559009

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Phytocannabinoids Act Synergistically with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reducing Inflammation in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models.