Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The Pain-related outcomes source set should still be read with safety context in mind. Mechanistic or preclinical evidence should not be converted into consumer instructions, and product identity can change how closely a source applies. PMID 21749363

PubMed For Dummies Article

Pain-related outcomes Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • Pain-related outcomes currently has 77 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 21749363
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (33), mechanistic or pharmacological (22), preliminary human (12), and preclinical (10). PMID 39598860
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Animal study (25), Narrative or expert review (22), Human clinical study (9), and other mapped categories (13). PMID 39322049
  • The repeated topics are Pain-related outcomes (68), and Inflammation-related outcomes (9), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 41680865

Start with the research question

Pain-related outcomes is built from 77 source-backed evidence row(s) and 60 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (33), mechanistic or pharmacological (22), preliminary human (12), and preclinical (10), and the study-design language most often reads as Animal study (25), Narrative or expert review (22), Human clinical study (9), and other mapped categories (13). PMID 21749363

The row-level question is not simply whether Pain-related outcomes is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Pain-related outcomes (68), and Inflammation-related outcomes (9). PMID 35510826

Human evidence 12 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 37332213

Preclinical evidence 10 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 33998900

Mechanistic evidence 22 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 35994012

Limits and uncertainty 33 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 34577072

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 37824417

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is Pain-related outcomes. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Pain-related outcomes, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 21749363

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 35510826

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

Pain-related outcomes

17 research sources 17 rows (683-699) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (9), preclinical (4), preliminary human (1)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 17 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 21749363

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 683

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 699

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 20942863

Pain-related outcomes

15 research sources 15 rows (392-433) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (7), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (7)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 15 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 35510826

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 35510826

  • Evidence row 392

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35510826

  • Evidence row 433

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42261989

Pain-related outcomes

11 research sources 11 rows (31-540) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (7), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (3)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 11 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 31

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 540

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

Pain-related outcomes

10 research sources 10 rows (796-805) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), preclinical (1), preliminary human (1)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 10 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 796

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 805

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 22155112

Inflammation-related outcomes

9 research sources 9 rows (34-76) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (4), preclinical (2), preliminary human (1)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 21749363

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 34

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain... PMID 21749363

  • Evidence row 76

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outco... PMID 42139799

Pain-related outcomes

9 research sources 9 rows (471-479) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (8), preliminary human (1)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 41296368

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 41296368

  • Evidence row 471

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcom... PMID 41296368

  • Evidence row 479

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34802112

Pain-related outcomes

6 research sources 6 rows (534-539) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (1)

Pain-related outcomes appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 6 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 19679411

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 19679411

  • Evidence row 534

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

  • Evidence row 539

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (12 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (22 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (0 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 21749363

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 35510826

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 35910331
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 31899693
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 41545891

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 21749363

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 35510826

Source-reading checklist for Pain-related outcomes

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 41213439
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 39921943
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 37764262
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 41256665
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 42139799

Source Notes

Pain-related outcomes source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 31

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  2. Evidence row 32

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  3. Evidence row 33

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39322049

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally administered Cannabigerol (CBG) in rats: Cannabimimetic actions, anxiety-like behavior, and inflammation-induced pain.
  4. Evidence row 34

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  5. Evidence row 35

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41680865

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.
  6. Evidence row 36

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 37332213

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The Mechanism of Cannabichromene and Cannabidiol Alone Versus in Combination in the Alleviation of Arthritis-Related Inflammation.
  7. Evidence row 64

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33998900

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
  8. Evidence row 65

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35994012

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Therapeutic Effects of Non-Euphorigenic Cannabis Extracts in Osteoarthritis.
  9. Evidence row 66

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34577072

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Novel CBG Derivatives Can Reduce Inflammation, Pain and Obesity.
  10. Evidence row 67

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37824417

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain: An Updated Review.
  11. Evidence row 68

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35910331

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Acidic Cannabinoids Suppress Proinflammatory Cytokine Release by Blocking Store-operated Calcium Entry.
  12. Evidence row 69

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 31899693

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids and Opioids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
  13. Evidence row 70

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
  14. Evidence row 71

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
  15. Evidence row 72

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41213439

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol-rich Cannabis sativa to mitigate the severity of inflammation and pain: A pre-clinical study.
  16. Evidence row 73

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 39921943

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.
  17. Evidence row 74

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  18. Evidence row 75

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41256665

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  19. Evidence row 76

    CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 42139799

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  20. Evidence row 392

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35510826

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis.
  21. Evidence row 393

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 29513392

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.
  22. Evidence row 394

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41429020

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : An Updated Systematic Review.
  23. Evidence row 395

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37630995

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabis-Based Medicine for Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity-A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
  24. Evidence row 396

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42256679

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: High-dose cannabidiol for chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury: a randomised clinical trial.
  25. Evidence row 397

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33561282

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Nabiximols in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.
  26. Evidence row 398

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 31793418

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities.
  27. Evidence row 399

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 26912385

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids: Medical implications.
  28. Evidence row 400

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39445260

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids as a Natural Alternative for the Management of Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials.
  29. Evidence row 401

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36571471

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Oral capsules of tetra-hydro-cannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and their combination in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment.
  30. Evidence row 402

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 18035205

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Oromucosal delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol for neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis: an uncontrolled, open-label, 2-year extension trial.
  31. Evidence row 430

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37648266

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
  32. Evidence row 431

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 30585986

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia.
  33. Evidence row 432

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33118602

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Ingestion of a THC-Rich Cannabis Oil in People with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
  34. Evidence row 433

    CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42261989

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol-Enriched Extract Oil for Postoperative Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain Secondary to Endometriosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial-DREAMLAND Study.
  35. Evidence row 471

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41296368

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review.
  36. Evidence row 472

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35982439

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.
  37. Evidence row 473

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41429020

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : An Updated Systematic Review.
  38. Evidence row 474

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33118602

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Ingestion of a THC-Rich Cannabis Oil in People with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
  39. Evidence row 475

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 31332738

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacology of Medical Cannabis.
  40. Evidence row 476

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37283486

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain.
  41. Evidence row 477

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35667066

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis-Based Products for Chronic Pain : A Systematic Review.
  42. Evidence row 478

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 29307505

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing.
  43. Evidence row 479

    THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34802112

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabis-Based Medicines and Medical Cannabis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain.
  44. Evidence row 534

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
  45. Evidence row 535

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36424484

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.
  46. Evidence row 536

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 27435265

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.
  47. Evidence row 537

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 11367861

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Marijuana--2000].
  48. Evidence row 538

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39835903

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids.
  49. Evidence row 539

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications.
  50. Evidence row 540

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  51. Evidence row 683

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  52. Evidence row 684

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41680865

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.
  53. Evidence row 685

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37332213

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The Mechanism of Cannabichromene and Cannabidiol Alone Versus in Combination in the Alleviation of Arthritis-Related Inflammation.
  54. Evidence row 686

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  55. Evidence row 687

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41213439

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol-rich Cannabis sativa to mitigate the severity of inflammation and pain: A pre-clinical study.
  56. Evidence row 688

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39921943

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.
  57. Evidence row 689

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41256665

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  58. Evidence row 690

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42139799

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
  59. Evidence row 691

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  60. Evidence row 692

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36916438

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of cannabigerol.
  61. Evidence row 693

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
  62. Evidence row 694

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 40046175

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Pharmacology of Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain.
  63. Evidence row 695

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41794091

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabichromene attenuates fracture pain but impairs bone repair in a murine tibial fracture model.
  64. Evidence row 696

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41322279

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.
  65. Evidence row 697

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36551296

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Efficient Synthesis for Altering Side Chain Length on Cannabinoid Molecules and Their Effects in Chemotherapy and Chemotherapeutic Induced Neuropathic Pain.
  66. Evidence row 698

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 38255191

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Antinociceptive Effects of Cannabichromene (CBC) in Mice: Insights from von Frey, Tail-Flick, Formalin, and Acetone Tests.
  67. Evidence row 699

    CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 20942863

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Non-psychoactive cannabinoids modulate the descending pathway of antinociception in anaesthetized rats through several mechanisms of action.
  68. Evidence row 796

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  69. Evidence row 797

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  70. Evidence row 798

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  71. Evidence row 799

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
  72. Evidence row 800

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42151379

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.
  73. Evidence row 801

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 20590571

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice.
  74. Evidence row 802

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 17245367

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo.
  75. Evidence row 803

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41135090

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Cannabivarin and tetrahydrocannabivarin modulate nociception via vanilloid channels and cannabinoid-like receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  76. Evidence row 804

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 30350275

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Quantification of Eight Cannabinoids Including Cannabidiol in Human Urine Via Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
  77. Evidence row 805

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 22155112

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The endocannabinoid system and plant-derived cannabinoids in diabetes and diabetic complications.