Compound Research Guide

CBN-A, explained simply with PubMed links

This page translates CBN-A research into plain English: what scientists studied, what kind of evidence exists, where the source links are strong or limited, and which PubMed records support each bucket.

Launch set page

Read Evidence Overview Open Source Table

76research sources

43evidence buckets

PubMedlinked references

What this page is

A plain-English research page about CBN-A. It explains what researchers studied and links the PubMed or DOI sources.

How to use it

Read the overview first. If a sentence matters to you, open the PubMed link or source table below it.

Important limit

This page is education, not medical advice, dosing advice, or a recommendation to use cannabinoids.

Evidence Rows 110

Traceable statements carried into the source table.

Human Evidence 16

Rows where human participants, patients, or clinical evidence are visible.

Mechanisms 30

Biology, target, enzyme, receptor, or pharmacology rows.

Safety / Limits 20

Safety, tolerability, uncertainty, or insufficient-evidence context.

Evidence Overview

CBN-A has research behind it, but the bucket matters.

This page currently indexes 76 research sources across 43 evidence bucket(s). Read it as a map of what researchers have studied, not as a single bottom-line instruction. PMID 37796540

Human evidence 16 evidence rows

Human studies are separated from preclinical and mechanistic evidence so a reader can see where people were actually studied. PMID 37796540

Mechanisms 30 evidence rows

Mechanistic rows explain biological plausibility, receptor activity, enzyme activity, or pharmacology; they do not automatically prove an outcome in people. PMID 37796540

Safety and limits 20 evidence rows

Safety, tolerability, product quality, impairment, interactions, and higher-risk contexts stay visible instead of being treated as footnotes. PMID 37796540

Evidence Buckets

What the CBN-A research is usually about

Jump to source-backed table

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

CBN-A appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37796540

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

CBN-A appears in rows studying Skin and inflammatory dermatology. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 41680865

THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims

CBN-A appears in rows studying THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 30405366

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

CBN-A appears in rows about Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 8 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 40967679

nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes

CBN-A appears in rows studying nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 7 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 41545891

Pain-related outcomes

CBN-A appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 6 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 19679411

Reader Map

Evidence buckets before the source table

Grouped for readability

Bucket	Plain-English meaning	Evidence posture	Starting source
safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Grouped source-backed rows focused on safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)	PMID 37796540
Skin and inflammatory dermatology	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Skin and inflammatory dermatology, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (7)	PMID 41680865
THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims	Grouped source-backed rows focused on THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1), preliminary human (2)	PMID 30405366
Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)	PMID 40967679
nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes	Grouped source-backed rows focused on nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)	PMID 41545891
Pain-related outcomes	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Pain-related outcomes, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (1)	PMID 19679411
receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Grouped source-backed rows focused on receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)	PMID 36257598
safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns	Grouped source-backed rows focused on safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)	PMID 29842819

Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The CBN-A source set includes safety-context rows around safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 37796540

Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)

PubMed For Dummies Article

CBN-A Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read

CBN-A currently has 110 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 37796540
The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (44), mechanistic or pharmacological (33), preliminary human (25), and preclinical (8). PMID 34468204
The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (21), Animal study (21), Cellular or in vitro study (14), and other mapped categories (30). PMID 39204082
The repeated topics are Pain-related outcomes (14), receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms (12), Skin and inflammatory dermatology (10), THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims (9), and other mapped categories (65), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 41698831

Start with the research question

CBN-A is built from 110 source-backed evidence row(s) and 76 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (44), mechanistic or pharmacological (33), preliminary human (25), and preclinical (8), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (21), Animal study (21), Cellular or in vitro study (14), and other mapped categories (30). PMID 37796540

The row-level question is not simply whether CBN-A is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Pain-related outcomes (14), receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms (12), Skin and inflammatory dermatology (10), THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims (9), and other mapped categories (65). PMID 41680865

Human evidence 16 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 39528623

Preclinical evidence 7 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 39612156

Mechanistic evidence 30 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 37612115

Limits and uncertainty 64 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 35537535

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 30405366

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Skin and inflammatory dermatology, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 37796540

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 41680865

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

9 research sources 9 rows (508-516) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 37796540

Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37796540
Evidence row 516
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or... PMID 36228902

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

9 research sources 9 rows (525-533) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (7)

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 41680865

Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 525
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, i... PMID 41680865
Evidence row 533
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, derm... PMID 40568800

THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims

9 research sources 9 rows (44-92) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1), preliminary human (2)

Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 44
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 30405366
Evidence row 92
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 28117322

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

8 research sources 8 rows (517-524) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 40967679

Evidence row 8
CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dos... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 517
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology me... PMID 40967679
Evidence row 524
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure:... PMID 36091813

nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes

7 research sources 7 rows (125-144) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 41545891

Evidence row 7
CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 30... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 125
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome m... PMID 41545891
Evidence row 144
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32517131

Pain-related outcomes

6 research sources 6 rows (534-539) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (1)

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 19679411

Evidence row 6
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 534
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411
Evidence row 539
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836

receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms

5 research sources 5 rows (201-287) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)

CBN-A appears in rows studying receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 36257598

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 36257598

Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled tri... PMID 39204082
Evidence row 201
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36257598
Evidence row 287
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35566314

safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns

5 research sources 5 rows (737-759) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)

CBN-A appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 29842819

Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled tri... PMID 39204082
Evidence row 737
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Nar... PMID 29842819
Evidence row 759
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interactio... PMID 23894589

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (16 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (30 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (20 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 37796540

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 41680865

What this does and does not mean

It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 29842819
It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 33998894
It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 41545891

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 37796540

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 41680865

Source-reading checklist for CBN-A

Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 41256665
Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 42139799
Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 33230154
Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 37641272
Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 36178203

Source Notes

CBN-A source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

Evidence row 1
CBN associated with sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base; evidence class: insufficient (study design: narrative review). PMID 34468204
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: narrative review. Source: Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction
Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 3
CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
Evidence row 6
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 7
CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 8
CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 10
CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 11
CBN increases NREM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: NREM sleep). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 12
CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 13
CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: rat and pharmacological study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 14
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 15
CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 16
CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 17
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 18
CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 19
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.
Evidence row 20
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 37612115
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.
Evidence row 21
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35537535
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.
Evidence row 44
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 30405366
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology.
Evidence row 45
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 29842819
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?
Evidence row 46
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 33998894
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Flowers and Homemade Cannabis-Based Products Used for Therapeutic Purposes in Argentina.
Evidence row 70
CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
Evidence row 71
CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
Evidence row 75
CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 41256665
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
Evidence row 76
CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes). PMID 42139799
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
Evidence row 80
THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
Evidence row 86
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 37641272
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Quality and safety of hemp meal as a protein supplement for nonlactating dairy cows.
Evidence row 87
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 36178203
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection.
Evidence row 89
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 39200508
Evidence class: preclinical. Source: Determination of Cannabinoids in Meat Products and Animal Feeds in Singapore Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Evidence row 90
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 37810707
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Identification and Quantification of the Main Psychoactive Ingredients of Cannabis in Urine Using Excitation-Eemission Matrix Fluorescence Coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis.
Evidence row 91
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 38862388
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.
Evidence row 92
THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims). PMID 28117322
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Quality Control of Traditional Cannabis Tinctures: Pattern, Markers, and Stability.
Evidence row 107
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 42207928
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evidence row 108
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
Evidence row 109
CBDV studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related or neurodevelopmental outcomes). PMID 29842819
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?
Evidence row 125
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 41545891
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
Evidence row 130
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 31897571
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of combined doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
Evidence row 133
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 24595502
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping.
Evidence row 139
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 36342776
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Medical Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Among Adult Chronic Pain Patients.
Evidence row 140
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32401504
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Raman-Based Differentiation of Hemp, Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp, and Cannabis.
Evidence row 141
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32735381
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low-THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles.
Evidence row 144
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 32517131
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: (‒)-Cannabidiolic Acid, a Still Overlooked Bioactive Compound: An Introductory Review and Preliminary Research.
Evidence row 165
CBDA studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41822224
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation of combined oral administration of cannabidiolic acid and cannabigerolic acid in dogs.
Evidence row 169
CBC studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 201
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36257598
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids.
Evidence row 277
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 37083031
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids.
Evidence row 278
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 38162115
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain.
Evidence row 279
CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 34980287
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Olivetolic acid, a cannabinoid precursor in Cannabis sativa, but not CBGA methyl ester exhibits a modest anticonvulsant effect in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.
Evidence row 280
CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 34384142
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy.
Evidence row 281
CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40006604
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacokinetics of Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids.
Evidence row 282
CBCA studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 32824356
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Rapid Antibacterial Activity of Cannabichromenic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Evidence row 283
CBC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 39808700
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Enhancing Cannabichromenic Acid Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Evidence row 284
CBC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35306000
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: In vitro evaluation of the interaction of the cannabis constituents cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid with ABCG2 and ABCB1 transporters.
Evidence row 285
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 37708768
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Bidimensional heart-cut achiral-chiral liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of the main chiral phytocannabinoids and enantiomerization studies of cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid.
Evidence row 286
THCA studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 39013926
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'.
Evidence row 287
THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35566314
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures.
Evidence row 334
THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 31559335
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State.
Evidence row 369
CBD modulates endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms). PMID 40750820
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Hepatotoxicity evaluation of cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene and cannabigerol using a human quad culture liver chip.
Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 509
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 510
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
Evidence row 511
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39004335
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Comparison on the mechanism and potency of hepatotoxicity among hemp extract and its four major constituent cannabinoids.
Evidence row 512
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 513
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38924151
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol-containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer-relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes.
Evidence row 514
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 27428345
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Cannabis: Effects in the Central Nervous System. Therapeutic, societal and legal consequences].
Evidence row 515
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 32053725
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Review of NIOSH Cannabis-Related Health Hazard Evaluations and Research.
Evidence row 516
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36228902
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.
Evidence row 517
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40967679
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Chemical diversity, receptor binding affinity, and pharmacology of phytocannabinoids: Insights into neuronal mechanisms.
Evidence row 518
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36424484
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.
Evidence row 519
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 16596770
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.
Evidence row 520
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28120231
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.
Evidence row 521
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 10036999
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The peripheral cannabinoid receptor, Cb2, in retrovirally-induced leukemic transformation and normal hematopoiesis.
Evidence row 522
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40388656
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Affinity-Based Protein Profiling Reveals IDH2 as a Mitochondrial Target of Cannabinol in Receptor-Independent Neuroprotection.
Evidence row 523
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 38673788
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.
Evidence row 524
CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36091813
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor activity by cannabinoid by-products from Cannabis sativa and non-cannabis phytomolecules.
Evidence row 525
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 41680865
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.
Evidence row 526
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 37764262
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
Evidence row 527
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 39275884
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes.
Evidence row 528
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 36228902
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.
Evidence row 529
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 38673788
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.
Evidence row 530
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 27435265
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Evidence row 531
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 41478536
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Phytocannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Synergistic effects when combined with Cannabis sativa L. matrices.
Evidence row 532
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 40580876
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Evidence row 533
CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 40568800
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Distinct Interactions of Cannabinol and Its Cytochrome P450-Generated Metabolites with Receptors and Sensory Neurons.
Evidence row 534
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
Evidence row 535
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36424484
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.
Evidence row 536
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 27435265
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.
Evidence row 537
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 11367861
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Marijuana--2000].
Evidence row 538
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39835903
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids.
Evidence row 539
CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications.
Evidence row 540
CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
Evidence row 621
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
Evidence row 635
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39192735
Evidence class: preclinical. Source: Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp.
Evidence row 641
CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 689
CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41256665
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
Evidence row 690
CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42139799
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.
Evidence row 691
CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
Evidence row 696
CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41322279
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.
Evidence row 712
CBC studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, antimicrobial, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 37242431
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabidiol and Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Preliminary Study to Assess Their Anti-Melanoma, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties.
Evidence row 737
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 29842819
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?
Evidence row 741
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38862388
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.
Evidence row 746
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41947574
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabidiol on voluntary alcohol consumption.
Evidence row 747
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42151379
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.
Evidence row 759
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 23894589
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile.
Evidence row 769
THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28087250
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.
Evidence row 798
THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
Evidence row 800
THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42151379
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.

Source Trail

Source-backed evidence table and references

76 research sources

This section is the technical source layer under the overview. It keeps grouped evidence buckets, evidence rows, PubMed or DOI links, related pages, and references visible for audit and revision.

Plain-Language Summary

CBN-A has 110 source-backed evidence row(s) from 76 source(s). The current page should separate outcomes, mechanisms, formulation context, and safety signals.

Identity

Canonical name: cbn-a
Type: compound
Subtype: phytocannabinoid_acid
Description: Not recorded

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence rows: 110
Sources: 76
Evidence classes: insufficient (44), mechanistic or pharmacological (33), preclinical (8), preliminary human (25)
Draft sections: human evidence (16), mechanistic evidence (30), preclinical evidence (7), safety (20), uncertainty (37)

Key Draft Sections

Human evidence: 16 evidence row(s).
Safety and tolerability: 20 evidence row(s).
Uncertainty and gaps: 37 evidence row(s).
Preclinical evidence: 7 evidence row(s).
Mechanistic evidence: 30 evidence row(s).

Studied Outcomes And Mechanisms

Subject	Relationship	Object Or Focus	Evidence Summary	Sources	Evidence Rows
CBC	studied for	Inflammation-related outcomes	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (1), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)	3	3 rows (71-76)
CBC	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (4)	4	4 rows (689-696)
CBC	studied for	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (2)	2	2 rows (283-284)
CBC	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	169
CBC	studied for	safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	641
CBC	studied for	Skin and inflammatory dermatology	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	712
CBCA	studied for	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	282
CBD	modulates	endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	369
CBD	studied for	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (1), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)	3	3 rows (279-281)
CBDA	studied for	nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)	7	7 rows (125-144)
CBDA	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	165
CBDV	studied for	Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	109
CBG	studied for	Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)	2	2 rows (621-635)
CBG	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (1), mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	2	2 rows (70-540)
CBN	associated with	Adverse events	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	15
CBN	no detected effect on	Daytime fatigue	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	18
CBN	decreases	Nighttime awakenings	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	2
CBN	increases	NREM sleep	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	11
CBN	increases	NREM-2 sleep	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	9
CBN	decreases	Overall sleep disturbance	Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)	2	2 rows (4-14)
CBN	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (1)	6	6 rows (534-539)
CBN	modulates	receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)	8	8 rows (517-524)
CBN	increases	REM sleep	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	12
CBN	studied for	safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)	9	9 rows (508-516)
CBN	no detected effect on	Side effect frequency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	5
CBN	studied for	Skin and inflammatory dermatology	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (7)	9	9 rows (525-533)
CBN	studied for	Sleep	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), preliminary human (2)	5	5 rows (19-108)
CBN	modulates	sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	13
CBN	decreases	Sleep onset latency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	7
CBN	no detected effect on	Sleep onset latency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	16
CBN	no detected effect on	sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	3
CBN	associated with	sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	1
CBN	increases	Subjective sleep quality	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	8
CBN	increases	Total sleep time	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	10
CBN	no detected effect on	Wake after sleep onset	Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)	2	2 rows (6-17)
THC	studied for	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (2)	5	5 rows (201-287)
THC	studied for	safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	334
THCA	studied for	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	286
THCA	studied for	THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1), preliminary human (2)	9	9 rows (44-92)
THCV	studied for	Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	80
THCV	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)	2	2 rows (798-800)
THCV	modulates	receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	769
THCV	studied for	safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns	Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (1)	5	5 rows (737-759)

Source-Backed Evidence Table

Evidence Row	Statement	Source
1	CBN associated with sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base; evidence class: insufficient (study design: narrative review).	Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from FictionPubMed 34468204 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0006
2	CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
3	CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
4	CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A).	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
5	CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency).	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
6	CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
7	CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
8	CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
9	CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
10	CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
11	CBN increases NREM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: NREM sleep).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
12	CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
13	CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
14	CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
15	CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
16	CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
17	CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
18	CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
19	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.PubMed 39612156 DOI 10.1007/s11920-024-01564-7
20	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 37612115 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071148
21	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.PubMed 35537535 DOI 10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.151
44	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology.PubMed 30405366 DOI 10.3389/fnint.2018.00051
45	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?PubMed 29842819 DOI 10.1080/13543784.2018.1482275
46	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Flowers and Homemade Cannabis-Based Products Used for Therapeutic Purposes in Argentina.PubMed 33998894 DOI 10.1089/can.2020.0117
70	CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.PubMed 41545891 DOI 10.1186/s42238-026-00387-y
71	CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes).	Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.PubMed 41545891 DOI 10.1186/s42238-026-00387-y
75	CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes).	Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 41256665 DOI 10.1101/2025.10.02.680148
76	CBC studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or pain-related outcomes).	Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 42139799 DOI 10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104901
80	THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes).	In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
86	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Quality and safety of hemp meal as a protein supplement for nonlactating dairy cows.PubMed 37641272 DOI 10.3168/jds.2023-23222
87	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection.PubMed 36178203 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01627
89	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Determination of Cannabinoids in Meat Products and Animal Feeds in Singapore Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.PubMed 39200508 DOI 10.3390/foods13162581
90	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Identification and Quantification of the Main Psychoactive Ingredients of Cannabis in Urine Using Excitation-Eemission Matrix Fluorescence Coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis.PubMed 37810707 DOI 10.1021/acsomega.3c04913
91	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.PubMed 38862388 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05879
92	THCA studied for THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, effect, or mechanism claims).	Quality Control of Traditional Cannabis Tinctures: Pattern, Markers, and Stability.PubMed 28117322 DOI 10.3390/scipharm84030567
107	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 42207928 DOI 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001289
108	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
109	CBDV studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related or neurodevelopmental outcomes).	Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?PubMed 29842819 DOI 10.1080/13543784.2018.1482275
125	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.PubMed 41545891 DOI 10.1186/s42238-026-00387-y
130	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Effect of combined doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats.PubMed 31897571 DOI 10.1007/s00213-019-05428-4
133	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping.PubMed 24595502 DOI 10.1007/s00213-014-3498-1
139	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Medical Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Among Adult Chronic Pain Patients.PubMed 36342776 DOI 10.1089/can.2022.0143
140	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Raman-Based Differentiation of Hemp, Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp, and Cannabis.PubMed 32401504 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00828
141	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low-THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles.PubMed 32735381 DOI 10.1111/jvp.12896
144	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	(‒)-Cannabidiolic Acid, a Still Overlooked Bioactive Compound: An Introductory Review and Preliminary Research.PubMed 32517131 DOI 10.3390/molecules25112638
165	CBDA studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation of combined oral administration of cannabidiolic acid and cannabigerolic acid in dogs.PubMed 41822224 DOI 10.3389/fvets.2026.1779760
169	CBC studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
201	THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids.PubMed 36257598 DOI 10.1055/a-1962-8165
277	THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids.PubMed 37083031 DOI 10.1042/cs20220193
278	THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain.PubMed 38162115 DOI 10.1093/function/zqad069
279	CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Olivetolic acid, a cannabinoid precursor in Cannabis sativa, but not CBGA methyl ester exhibits a modest anticonvulsant effect in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.PubMed 34980287 DOI 10.1186/s42238-021-00113-w
280	CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy.PubMed 34384142 DOI 10.1111/bph.15661
281	CBD studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Pharmacokinetics of Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids.PubMed 40006604 DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics17020236
282	CBCA studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Rapid Antibacterial Activity of Cannabichromenic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.PubMed 32824356 DOI 10.3390/antibiotics9080523
283	CBC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Enhancing Cannabichromenic Acid Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.PubMed 39808700 DOI 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00721
284	CBC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	In vitro evaluation of the interaction of the cannabis constituents cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid with ABCG2 and ABCB1 transporters.PubMed 35306000 DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174836
285	THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Bidimensional heart-cut achiral-chiral liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of the main chiral phytocannabinoids and enantiomerization studies of cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid.PubMed 37708768 DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125161
286	THCA studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'.PubMed 39013926 DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-66420-3
287	THC studied for receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures.PubMed 35566314 DOI 10.3390/molecules27092965
334	THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State.PubMed 31559335 DOI 10.1089/can.2018.0037
369	CBD modulates endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms).	Hepatotoxicity evaluation of cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene and cannabigerol using a human quad culture liver chip.PubMed 40750820 DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-12846-2
508	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
509	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
510	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
511	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Comparison on the mechanism and potency of hepatotoxicity among hemp extract and its four major constituent cannabinoids.PubMed 39004335 DOI 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153885
512	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
513	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol-containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer-relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes.PubMed 38924151 DOI 10.1002/jat.4646
514	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	[Cannabis: Effects in the Central Nervous System. Therapeutic, societal and legal consequences].PubMed 27428345
515	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Review of NIOSH Cannabis-Related Health Hazard Evaluations and Research.PubMed 32053725 DOI 10.1093/annweh/wxaa013
516	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.PubMed 36228902 DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113458
517	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Chemical diversity, receptor binding affinity, and pharmacology of phytocannabinoids: Insights into neuronal mechanisms.PubMed 40967679 DOI 10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.006
518	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.PubMed 36424484 DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-23495-0
519	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.PubMed 16596770 DOI 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_1
520	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.PubMed 28120231 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3
521	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	The peripheral cannabinoid receptor, Cb2, in retrovirally-induced leukemic transformation and normal hematopoiesis.PubMed 10036999 DOI 10.3109/10428199809059244
522	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Affinity-Based Protein Profiling Reveals IDH2 as a Mitochondrial Target of Cannabinol in Receptor-Independent Neuroprotection.PubMed 40388656 DOI 10.1002/chem.202501143
523	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.PubMed 38673788 DOI 10.3390/ijms25084204
524	CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor activity by cannabinoid by-products from Cannabis sativa and non-cannabis phytomolecules.PubMed 36091813 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2022.956030
525	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.PubMed 41680865 DOI 10.1186/s42238-025-00384-7
526	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.PubMed 37764262 DOI 10.3390/molecules28186487
527	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes.PubMed 39275884 DOI 10.1002/biof.2122
528	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.PubMed 36228902 DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113458
529	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.PubMed 38673788 DOI 10.3390/ijms25084204
530	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.PubMed 27435265 DOI 10.1096/fj.201600646r
531	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Phytocannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Synergistic effects when combined with Cannabis sativa L. matrices.PubMed 41478536 DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2025.121134
532	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.PubMed 40580876 DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118288
533	CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes).	Distinct Interactions of Cannabinol and Its Cytochrome P450-Generated Metabolites with Receptors and Sensory Neurons.PubMed 40568800 DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00938
534	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.PubMed 19679411 DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.009
535	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.PubMed 36424484 DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-23495-0
536	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.PubMed 27435265 DOI 10.1096/fj.201600646r
537	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	[Marijuana--2000].PubMed 11367861
538	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids.PubMed 39835903 DOI 10.1073/pnas.2416886122
539	CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications.PubMed 34838836 DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133012
540	CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
621	CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes).	In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
635	CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes).	Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp.PubMed 39192735 DOI 10.1080/1745039x.2024.2383216
641	CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
689	CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 41256665 DOI 10.1101/2025.10.02.680148
690	CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 42139799 DOI 10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104901
691	CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
696	CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.PubMed 41322279 DOI 10.2147/jpr.s547613
712	CBC studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, antimicrobial, or topical inflammatory outcomes).	Cannabidiol and Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Preliminary Study to Assess Their Anti-Melanoma, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties.PubMed 37242431 DOI 10.3390/ph16050648
737	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?PubMed 29842819 DOI 10.1080/13543784.2018.1482275
741	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.PubMed 38862388 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05879
746	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Effect of cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabidiol on voluntary alcohol consumption.PubMed 41947574 DOI 10.1093/alcalc/agag019
747	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.PubMed 42151379 DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-51275-7
759	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile.PubMed 23894589 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0070052
769	THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.PubMed 28087250 DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.016
798	THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
800	THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.PubMed 42151379 DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-51275-7

Adverse events
Appetite and metabolic outcomes
CBC
CBCA
CBD
CBDA
CBDV
CBG
CBN
Daytime fatigue
Inflammation-related outcomes
NREM sleep
NREM-2 sleep
Nighttime awakenings
Overall sleep disturbance
Pain-related outcomes
REM sleep
Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes
Side effect frequency
Skin and inflammatory dermatology

References

Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from FictionPubMed 34468204 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0006
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.PubMed 39612156 DOI 10.1007/s11920-024-01564-7
Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 37612115 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071148
Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.PubMed 35537535 DOI 10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.151
Cannabis Therapeutics and the Future of Neurology.PubMed 30405366 DOI 10.3389/fnint.2018.00051
Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?PubMed 29842819 DOI 10.1080/13543784.2018.1482275
Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Flowers and Homemade Cannabis-Based Products Used for Therapeutic Purposes in Argentina.PubMed 33998894 DOI 10.1089/can.2020.0117
Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.PubMed 41545891 DOI 10.1186/s42238-026-00387-y
Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 41256665 DOI 10.1101/2025.10.02.680148
Minor cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN, and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation.PubMed 42139799 DOI 10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104901
In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.PubMed 33230154 DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-77175-y
Quality and safety of hemp meal as a protein supplement for nonlactating dairy cows.PubMed 37641272 DOI 10.3168/jds.2023-23222
Semiquantitative Screening of THC Analogues by Silica Gel TLC with an Ag(I) Retention Zone and Chromogenic Smartphone Detection.PubMed 36178203 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01627
Determination of Cannabinoids in Meat Products and Animal Feeds in Singapore Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.PubMed 39200508 DOI 10.3390/foods13162581
Identification and Quantification of the Main Psychoactive Ingredients of Cannabis in Urine Using Excitation-Eemission Matrix Fluorescence Coupled with Parallel Factor Analysis.PubMed 37810707 DOI 10.1021/acsomega.3c04913
Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.PubMed 38862388 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05879
Quality Control of Traditional Cannabis Tinctures: Pattern, Markers, and Stability.PubMed 28117322 DOI 10.3390/scipharm84030567
Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 42207928 DOI 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001289
Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
Effect of combined doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats.PubMed 31897571 DOI 10.1007/s00213-019-05428-4
A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping.PubMed 24595502 DOI 10.1007/s00213-014-3498-1
Medical Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Among Adult Chronic Pain Patients.PubMed 36342776 DOI 10.1089/can.2022.0143
Raman-Based Differentiation of Hemp, Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp, and Cannabis.PubMed 32401504 DOI 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00828
Serum cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and their native acid derivatives after transdermal application of a low-THC Cannabis sativa extract in beagles.PubMed 32735381 DOI 10.1111/jvp.12896
(‒)-Cannabidiolic Acid, a Still Overlooked Bioactive Compound: An Introductory Review and Preliminary Research.PubMed 32517131 DOI 10.3390/molecules25112638
Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation of combined oral administration of cannabidiolic acid and cannabigerolic acid in dogs.PubMed 41822224 DOI 10.3389/fvets.2026.1779760
The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
Development and Validation of a GC-FID Method for the Quantitation of 20 Different Acidic and Neutral Cannabinoids.PubMed 36257598 DOI 10.1055/a-1962-8165
Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids.PubMed 37083031 DOI 10.1042/cs20220193
Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA) Inhibits the TRPM7 Ion Channel Through its Kinase Domain.PubMed 38162115 DOI 10.1093/function/zqad069
Olivetolic acid, a cannabinoid precursor in Cannabis sativa, but not CBGA methyl ester exhibits a modest anticonvulsant effect in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.PubMed 34980287 DOI 10.1186/s42238-021-00113-w
Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy.PubMed 34384142 DOI 10.1111/bph.15661
Pharmacokinetics of Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids.PubMed 40006604 DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics17020236
Rapid Antibacterial Activity of Cannabichromenic Acid against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.PubMed 32824356 DOI 10.3390/antibiotics9080523
Enhancing Cannabichromenic Acid Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.PubMed 39808700 DOI 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00721
In vitro evaluation of the interaction of the cannabis constituents cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid with ABCG2 and ABCB1 transporters.PubMed 35306000 DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174836
Bidimensional heart-cut achiral-chiral liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of the main chiral phytocannabinoids and enantiomerization studies of cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid.PubMed 37708768 DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125161
Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'.PubMed 39013926 DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-66420-3
Direct Quantitation of Phytocannabinoids by One-Dimensional 1H qNMR and Two-Dimensional 1H-1H COSY qNMR in Complex Natural Mixtures.PubMed 35566314 DOI 10.3390/molecules27092965
Potency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State.PubMed 31559335 DOI 10.1089/can.2018.0037
Hepatotoxicity evaluation of cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabichromene and cannabigerol using a human quad culture liver chip.PubMed 40750820 DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-12846-2
Comparison on the mechanism and potency of hepatotoxicity among hemp extract and its four major constituent cannabinoids.PubMed 39004335 DOI 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153885
Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol-containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer-relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes.PubMed 38924151 DOI 10.1002/jat.4646
[Cannabis: Effects in the Central Nervous System. Therapeutic, societal and legal consequences].PubMed 27428345
Review of NIOSH Cannabis-Related Health Hazard Evaluations and Research.PubMed 32053725 DOI 10.1093/annweh/wxaa013
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.PubMed 36228902 DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113458
Chemical diversity, receptor binding affinity, and pharmacology of phytocannabinoids: Insights into neuronal mechanisms.PubMed 40967679 DOI 10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.07.006
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.PubMed 36424484 DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-23495-0
Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.PubMed 16596770 DOI 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_1
Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.PubMed 28120231 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3
The peripheral cannabinoid receptor, Cb2, in retrovirally-induced leukemic transformation and normal hematopoiesis.PubMed 10036999 DOI 10.3109/10428199809059244
Affinity-Based Protein Profiling Reveals IDH2 as a Mitochondrial Target of Cannabinol in Receptor-Independent Neuroprotection.PubMed 40388656 DOI 10.1002/chem.202501143
Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.PubMed 38673788 DOI 10.3390/ijms25084204
Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor activity by cannabinoid by-products from Cannabis sativa and non-cannabis phytomolecules.PubMed 36091813 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2022.956030
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.PubMed 41680865 DOI 10.1186/s42238-025-00384-7
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.PubMed 37764262 DOI 10.3390/molecules28186487
Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes.PubMed 39275884 DOI 10.1002/biof.2122
Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.PubMed 27435265 DOI 10.1096/fj.201600646r
Phytocannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Synergistic effects when combined with Cannabis sativa L. matrices.PubMed 41478536 DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2025.121134
Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.PubMed 40580876 DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118288
Distinct Interactions of Cannabinol and Its Cytochrome P450-Generated Metabolites with Receptors and Sensory Neurons.PubMed 40568800 DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00938
Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.PubMed 19679411 DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.009
[Marijuana--2000].PubMed 11367861
Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids.PubMed 39835903 DOI 10.1073/pnas.2416886122
Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications.PubMed 34838836 DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133012
Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp.PubMed 39192735 DOI 10.1080/1745039x.2024.2383216
Modulatory Effects of "Minor" Cannabinoids in an in vitro Model of Neuronal Hypersensitivity.PubMed 41322279 DOI 10.2147/jpr.s547613
Cannabidiol and Minor Phytocannabinoids: A Preliminary Study to Assess Their Anti-Melanoma, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties.PubMed 37242431 DOI 10.3390/ph16050648
Effect of cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabidiol on voluntary alcohol consumption.PubMed 41947574 DOI 10.1093/alcalc/agag019
Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.PubMed 42151379 DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-51275-7
Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile.PubMed 23894589 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0070052
Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.PubMed 28087250 DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.016

CBN-A has research behind it, but the bucket matters.

What the CBN-A research is usually about

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes

Pain-related outcomes

Evidence buckets before the source table

Keep reading around this topic

Read safety context beside the research guide.

CBN-A Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Start with the research question

Where this page has the most source density

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

THCA-specific safety, effect, or mechanism claims

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes

Pain-related outcomes

receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms

safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

What this does and does not mean

How to use the source table

Source-reading checklist for CBN-A

CBN-A source-by-source reading notes

Source-backed evidence table and references

Plain-Language Summary

Identity

Evidence Snapshot

Key Draft Sections

Studied Outcomes And Mechanisms

Source-Backed Evidence Table

Related Pages

References