Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The CBN source set includes safety-context rows around safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 37796540

Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)

PubMed For Dummies Article

CBN Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • CBN currently has 56 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 37796540
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are preliminary human (21), insufficient (19), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), and preclinical (3). PMID 34468204
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (12), Cellular or in vitro study (10), Human clinical study (7), and other mapped categories (22). PMID 39204082
  • The repeated topics are safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-spe... (9), Skin and inflammatory dermatology (9), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (8), Pain-related outcomes (6), and other mapped categories (24), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 41698831

Start with the research question

CBN is built from 56 source-backed evidence row(s) and 35 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as preliminary human (21), insufficient (19), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), and preclinical (3), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (12), Cellular or in vitro study (10), Human clinical study (7), and other mapped categories (22). PMID 37796540

The row-level question is not simply whether CBN is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-spe... (9), Skin and inflammatory dermatology (9), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (8), Pain-related outcomes (6), and other mapped categories (24). PMID 41680865

Human evidence 14 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 39528623

Preclinical evidence 3 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 39612156

Mechanistic evidence 12 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 37612115

Limits and uncertainty 31 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 35537535

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 42207928

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Skin and inflammatory dermatology, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 37796540

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 41680865

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

9 research sources 9 rows (508-516) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (4)

CBN appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37796540

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 37796540

  • Evidence row 9

    CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 508

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37796540

  • Evidence row 516

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or... PMID 36228902

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

9 research sources 9 rows (525-533) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (7)

CBN appears in rows studying Skin and inflammatory dermatology. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 41680865

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 41680865

  • Evidence row 9

    CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 525

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, i... PMID 41680865

  • Evidence row 533

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, derm... PMID 40568800

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

8 research sources 8 rows (517-524) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)

CBN appears in rows about Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 8 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 40967679

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 40967679

  • Evidence row 8

    CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dos... PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 517

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology me... PMID 40967679

  • Evidence row 524

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure:... PMID 36091813

Pain-related outcomes

6 research sources 6 rows (534-539) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preliminary human (1)

CBN appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 6 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 19679411

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 19679411

  • Evidence row 6

    CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover... PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 534

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

  • Evidence row 539

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836

Sleep

5 research sources 5 rows (19-108) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), preliminary human (2)

CBN appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39612156

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39612156

  • Evidence row 5

    CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled tri... PMID 39204082

  • Evidence row 19

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156

  • Evidence row 108

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821

Overall sleep disturbance

2 research sources 2 rows (4-14) Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)

CBN appears in rows studying relation to Overall sleep disturbance. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and the reader should inspect the endpoint and model before generalizing. PMID 39204082

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39204082

  • Evidence row 2

    CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; durat... PMID 37796540

  • Evidence row 4

    CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose... PMID 39204082

  • Evidence row 14

    CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN;... PMID 37796540

Wake after sleep onset

2 research sources 2 rows (6-17) Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)

CBN appears in rows studying relation to Wake after sleep onset. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and the reader should inspect the endpoint and model before generalizing. PMID 41698831

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 2

    CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; durat... PMID 37796540

  • Evidence row 6

    CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover... PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 17

    CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20... PMID 37796540

Adverse events

1 research source 15 Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)

CBN appears in rows associated with Adverse events. It currently draws from 1 research source(s), so the direction and study setting need source-level reading. PMID 41698831

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 41698831

  • Evidence row 15

    CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: s... PMID 41698831

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (14 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (12 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (12 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 37796540

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 41680865

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 39980821
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 39004335
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 37162192

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 37796540

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 41680865

Source-reading checklist for CBN

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 38924151
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 27428345
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 32053725
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 36228902
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 40967679

Source Notes

CBN source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 1

    CBN associated with sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base; evidence class: insufficient (study design: narrative review). PMID 34468204

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: narrative review. Source: Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction
  2. Evidence row 2

    CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  3. Evidence row 3

    CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  4. Evidence row 4

    CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A). PMID 39204082

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
  5. Evidence row 5

    CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency). PMID 39204082

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
  6. Evidence row 6

    CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  7. Evidence row 7

    CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  8. Evidence row 8

    CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  9. Evidence row 9

    CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  10. Evidence row 10

    CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time). PMID 39528623

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
  11. Evidence row 11

    CBN increases NREM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: NREM sleep). PMID 39528623

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
  12. Evidence row 12

    CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep). PMID 39528623

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
  13. Evidence row 13

    CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study). PMID 39528623

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: rat and pharmacological study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
  14. Evidence row 14

    CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  15. Evidence row 15

    CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  16. Evidence row 16

    CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  17. Evidence row 17

    CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  18. Evidence row 18

    CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  19. Evidence row 19

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.
  20. Evidence row 20

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 37612115

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.
  21. Evidence row 21

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35537535

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.
  22. Evidence row 107

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 42207928

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  23. Evidence row 108

    CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
  24. Evidence row 149

    CBN studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  25. Evidence row 508

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37796540

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
  26. Evidence row 509

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
  27. Evidence row 510

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39980821

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
  28. Evidence row 511

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39004335

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Comparison on the mechanism and potency of hepatotoxicity among hemp extract and its four major constituent cannabinoids.
  29. Evidence row 512

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
  30. Evidence row 513

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38924151

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Examining the hepatotoxic potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiol-containing hemp extract, and cannabinol at consumer-relevant exposure concentrations in primary human hepatocytes.
  31. Evidence row 514

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 27428345

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Cannabis: Effects in the Central Nervous System. Therapeutic, societal and legal consequences].
  32. Evidence row 515

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 32053725

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Review of NIOSH Cannabis-Related Health Hazard Evaluations and Research.
  33. Evidence row 516

    CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36228902

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.
  34. Evidence row 517

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40967679

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Chemical diversity, receptor binding affinity, and pharmacology of phytocannabinoids: Insights into neuronal mechanisms.
  35. Evidence row 518

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36424484

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.
  36. Evidence row 519

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 16596770

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.
  37. Evidence row 520

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28120231

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.
  38. Evidence row 521

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 10036999

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The peripheral cannabinoid receptor, Cb2, in retrovirally-induced leukemic transformation and normal hematopoiesis.
  39. Evidence row 522

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40388656

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Affinity-Based Protein Profiling Reveals IDH2 as a Mitochondrial Target of Cannabinol in Receptor-Independent Neuroprotection.
  40. Evidence row 523

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 38673788

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.
  41. Evidence row 524

    CBN modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 36091813

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor activity by cannabinoid by-products from Cannabis sativa and non-cannabis phytomolecules.
  42. Evidence row 525

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 41680865

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of minor cannabinoids in vivo.
  43. Evidence row 526

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  44. Evidence row 527

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 39275884

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes.
  45. Evidence row 528

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 36228902

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of selected cannabinoids and terpenes from Cannabis Sativa employing human primary leukocytes.
  46. Evidence row 529

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 38673788

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Pharmacological Profiles and Their Impact on Therapeutical Use.
  47. Evidence row 530

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 27435265

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.
  48. Evidence row 531

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 41478536

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Phytocannabinoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Synergistic effects when combined with Cannabis sativa L. matrices.
  49. Evidence row 532

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 40580876

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Preclinical evaluation of cannabidiolic acid as a neuroprotective agent in TDP-43 transgenic mice, an experimental model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  50. Evidence row 533

    CBN studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, inflammatory, or immune-modulation outcomes). PMID 40568800

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Distinct Interactions of Cannabinol and Its Cytochrome P450-Generated Metabolites with Receptors and Sensory Neurons.
  51. Evidence row 534

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
  52. Evidence row 535

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 36424484

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (Cb2r) mediates cannabinol (CBN) induced developmental defects in zebrafish.
  53. Evidence row 536

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 27435265

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis.
  54. Evidence row 537

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 11367861

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: [Marijuana--2000].
  55. Evidence row 538

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39835903

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Nav1.8, an analgesic target for nonpsychotomimetic phytocannabinoids.
  56. Evidence row 539

    CBN studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34838836

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications.