Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The THCV source set includes safety-context rows around safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 40270953

Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (15), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), preclinical (2), preliminary human (1)

PubMed For Dummies Article

THCV Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • THCV currently has 86 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 40270953
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are mechanistic or pharmacological (48), insufficient (30), preliminary human (5), and preclinical (3). PMID 33526143
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Animal study (27), Narrative or expert review (19), Human clinical study (13), and other mapped categories (13). PMID 32899626
  • The repeated topics are safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulat... (24), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (23), Appetite and metabolic outcomes (13), Pain-related outcomes (10), and other mapped categories (16), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 27573936

Start with the research question

THCV is built from 86 source-backed evidence row(s) and 63 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as mechanistic or pharmacological (48), insufficient (30), preliminary human (5), and preclinical (3), and the study-design language most often reads as Animal study (27), Narrative or expert review (19), Human clinical study (13), and other mapped categories (13). PMID 40270953

The row-level question is not simply whether THCV is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulat... (24), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (23), Appetite and metabolic outcomes (13), Pain-related outcomes (10), and other mapped categories (16). PMID 32899626

Human evidence 4 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 21740450

Preclinical evidence 1 row

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 42196303

Mechanistic evidence 42 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 33230154

Limits and uncertainty 54 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 39968488

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 40363798

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 40270953

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 32899626

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns

24 research sources 24 rows (736-759) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (15), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), preclinical (2), preliminary human (1)

THCV appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 24 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 40270953

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 40270953

  • Evidence row 736

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Nar... PMID 40270953

  • Evidence row 759

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interactio... PMID 23894589

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

23 research sources 23 rows (760-782) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (6), mechanistic or pharmacological (17)

THCV appears in rows about Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 23 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 760

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: rec... PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 782

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure:... PMID 30074247

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

13 research sources 13 rows (37-735) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preliminary human (2)

THCV appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 13 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 33526143

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 33526143

  • Evidence row 37

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabo... PMID 33526143

  • Evidence row 735

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32904155

Pain-related outcomes

10 research sources 10 rows (796-805) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), preclinical (1), preliminary human (1)

THCV appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 10 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 796

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 805

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 22155112

neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes

9 research sources 9 rows (787-795) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (4), preliminary human (1)

THCV appears in rows studying neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 40872492

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 40872492

  • Evidence row 787

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome... PMID 40872492

  • Evidence row 795

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 40525419

Inflammation-related outcomes

4 research sources 4 rows (783-786) Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (4)

THCV appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37764262

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 37764262

  • Evidence row 783

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammat... PMID 37764262

  • Evidence row 786

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-... PMID 36559009

TRPV3

2 research sources 2 rows (1006-1007) Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (2)

THCV appears in rows about TRPV3 mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 27498155

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 27498155

  • Evidence row 1006

    THCV modulates TRPV3; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRPV3 channel activity, binding, signaling, dermatology-relevant me... PMID 27498155

  • Evidence row 1007

    THCV modulates TRPV3; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: TRPV3 channel activity, binding, signaling, dermatology-relevant mechanism, o... PMID 38691614

TRP channel activity or ionotropic cannabinoid target mechanisms

1 research source 216 Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)

THCV appears in rows about TRP channel activity or ionotropic cannabinoid target mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 1 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 27498155

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 27498155

  • Evidence row 216

    THCV modulates TRP channel activity or ionotropic cannabinoid target mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRP chan... PMID 27498155

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (4 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (42 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (24 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 40270953

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 32899626

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 11599601
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 27498155
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 37764262

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 40270953

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 32899626

Source-reading checklist for THCV

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 37108282
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 32904155
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 29842819
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 38862388
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 40872492

Source Notes

THCV source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 37

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33526143

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes.
  2. Evidence row 38

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 40270953

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The role of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in metabolic disorders: A promising cannabinoid for diabetes and weight management.
  3. Evidence row 39

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  4. Evidence row 77

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 27573936

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study.
  5. Evidence row 78

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 21740450

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: CB₁-independent mechanisms of Δ⁹-THCV, AM251 and SR141716 (rimonabant).
  6. Evidence row 79

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42196303

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: SKNY-1, a THCV Analog, Produces Weight Loss, Lipid Normalization and Attenuation of Reward-Associated Behaviors in an mc4r(G894C) Zebrafish Model of Obesity.
  7. Evidence row 80

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  8. Evidence row 81

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39968488

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Weight Loss and Therapeutic Metabolic Effects of Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)-Infused Mucoadhesive Strips.
  9. Evidence row 82

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 40363798

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The Impact of Major and Minor Phytocannabinoids on the Maintenance and Function of INS-1 β-Cells Under High-Glucose and High-Lipid Conditions.
  10. Evidence row 83

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 11599601

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin as a marker for the ingestion of marijuana versus Marinol: results of a clinical study.
  11. Evidence row 216

    THCV modulates TRP channel activity or ionotropic cannabinoid target mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRP channel activity or ionotropic cannabinoid target mechanisms). PMID 27498155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and a Cannabis sativa extract with high content in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin inhibit nitrite production in murine peritoneal macrophages.
  12. Evidence row 733

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  13. Evidence row 734

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37108282

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Protects Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASC) against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Development and Reduces Inflammation during Adipogenesis.
  14. Evidence row 735

    THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32904155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: High fat-fed GPR55 null mice display impaired glucose tolerance without concomitant changes in energy balance or insulin sensitivity but are less responsive to the effects of the cannabinoids rimonabant or Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin on weight gain.
  15. Evidence row 736

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40270953

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The role of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) in metabolic disorders: A promising cannabinoid for diabetes and weight management.
  16. Evidence row 737

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 29842819

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Investigational cannabinoids in seizure disorders, what have we learned thus far?
  17. Evidence row 738

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 27573936

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study.
  18. Evidence row 739

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 21740450

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: CB₁-independent mechanisms of Δ⁹-THCV, AM251 and SR141716 (rimonabant).
  19. Evidence row 740

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42196303

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: SKNY-1, a THCV Analog, Produces Weight Loss, Lipid Normalization and Attenuation of Reward-Associated Behaviors in an mc4r(G894C) Zebrafish Model of Obesity.
  20. Evidence row 741

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38862388

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Ultrafast, Selective, and Highly Sensitive Nonchromatographic Analysis of Fourteen Cannabinoids in Cannabis Extracts, Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol Synthetic Mixtures, and Edibles by Cyclic Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry.
  21. Evidence row 742

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40872492

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as Novel SGLT2 Modulators for Renal Glucose Reabsorption in Type 2 Diabetes Management.
  22. Evidence row 743

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37630401

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Potential of Minor Cannabinoids in Dermatological Diseases-A Synthetic Review.
  23. Evidence row 744

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37721989

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Toxicological Evaluation and Pain Assessment of Four Minor Cannabinoids Following 14-Day Oral Administration in Rats.
  24. Evidence row 745

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37721990

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A Two-Phase, Dose-Ranging, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Preliminary Test of Acute Effects of Oral Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabivarin in Healthy Participants.
  25. Evidence row 746

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41947574

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabidiol on voluntary alcohol consumption.
  26. Evidence row 747

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42151379

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.
  27. Evidence row 748

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37697897

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Prevalence of ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid in workplace drug testing.
  28. Evidence row 749

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 35799289

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol: case studies.
  29. Evidence row 750

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 25542687

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Neural effects of cannabinoid CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin on food reward and aversion in healthy volunteers.
  30. Evidence row 751

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 26577065

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The effect of five day dosing with THCV on THC-induced cognitive, psychological and physiological effects in healthy male human volunteers: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot trial.
  31. Evidence row 752

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Case report or case series; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37305187

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Case report or case series. Source: Hair Regrowth with Novel Hemp Extract: A Case Series.
  32. Evidence row 753

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40131178

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Differences in Online Descriptions and Marketing of Derived Intoxicating Cannabis Products.
  33. Evidence row 754

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 35303507

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Animal study. Source: Role of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rodents.
  34. Evidence row 755

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 23712280

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The cannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity.
  35. Evidence row 756

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 31549358

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Potential of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands as Treatment for Substance Use Disorders.
  36. Evidence row 757

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36280497

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids and terpenes for diabetes mellitus and its complications: from mechanisms to new therapies.
  37. Evidence row 758

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 35585089

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Indeterminacy of cannabis impairment and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) levels in blood and breath.
  38. Evidence row 759

    THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 23894589

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile.
  39. Evidence row 760

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  40. Evidence row 761

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 42196303

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: SKNY-1, a THCV Analog, Produces Weight Loss, Lipid Normalization and Attenuation of Reward-Associated Behaviors in an mc4r(G894C) Zebrafish Model of Obesity.
  41. Evidence row 762

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40872492

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as Novel SGLT2 Modulators for Renal Glucose Reabsorption in Type 2 Diabetes Management.
  42. Evidence row 763

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 17828291

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin.
  43. Evidence row 764

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 27498155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and a Cannabis sativa extract with high content in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin inhibit nitrite production in murine peritoneal macrophages.
  44. Evidence row 765

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 21175579

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes.
  45. Evidence row 766

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28120231

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.
  46. Evidence row 767

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 25257544

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Are cannabidiol and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? A systematic review.
  47. Evidence row 768

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 16205722

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Evidence that the plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin is a cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonist.
  48. Evidence row 769

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28087250

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.
  49. Evidence row 770

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 41008636

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Dose Dependently Blocks or Substitutes for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a Drug Discrimination Task in Rats.
  50. Evidence row 771

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30170189

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin impairs epithelial calcium transport through inhibition of TRPV5 and TRPV6.
  51. Evidence row 772

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 31454413

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Δ8 -Tetrahydrocannabivarin has potent anti-nicotine effects in several rodent models of nicotine dependence.
  52. Evidence row 773

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 20590571

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice.
  53. Evidence row 774

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 17245367

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo.
  54. Evidence row 775

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 23902479

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Evaluation of the potential of the phytocannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), to produce CB1 receptor inverse agonism symptoms of nausea in rats.
  55. Evidence row 776

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 18311186

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebellum.
  56. Evidence row 777

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 25542687

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Neural effects of cannabinoid CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin on food reward and aversion in healthy volunteers.
  57. Evidence row 778

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 38691614

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: TRPV3 activation by different agonists accompanied by lipid dissociation from the vanilloid site.
  58. Evidence row 779

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35714693

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Loratadine, an antihistaminic drug, suppresses the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells by inhibition of TRPV2.
  59. Evidence row 780

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 21726418

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels: effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation.
  60. Evidence row 781

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 34500785

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: An Evaluation of Understudied Phytocannabinoids and Their Effects in Two Neuronal Models.
  61. Evidence row 782

    THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30074247

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effects of non-euphoric plant cannabinoids on muscle quality and performance of dystrophic mdx mice.
  62. Evidence row 783

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  63. Evidence row 784

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 27498155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and a Cannabis sativa extract with high content in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin inhibit nitrite production in murine peritoneal macrophages.
  64. Evidence row 785

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 33446817

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages.
  65. Evidence row 786

    THCV studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36559009

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Phytocannabinoids Act Synergistically with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reducing Inflammation in 2D and 3D In Vitro Models.
  66. Evidence row 787

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 40872492

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as Novel SGLT2 Modulators for Renal Glucose Reabsorption in Type 2 Diabetes Management.
  67. Evidence row 788

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 31454413

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Δ8 -Tetrahydrocannabivarin has potent anti-nicotine effects in several rodent models of nicotine dependence.
  68. Evidence row 789

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 25542687

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Neural effects of cannabinoid CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin on food reward and aversion in healthy volunteers.
  69. Evidence row 790

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 28109780

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Neuroimaging studies towards understanding the central effects of pharmacological cannabis products on patients with epilepsy.
  70. Evidence row 791

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 26577065

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The effect of five day dosing with THCV on THC-induced cognitive, psychological and physiological effects in healthy male human volunteers: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot trial.
  71. Evidence row 792

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 23109356

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Medical use of cannabis. Cannabidiol: a new light for schizophrenia?
  72. Evidence row 793

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 26362774

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The CB1 Neutral Antagonist Tetrahydrocannabivarin Reduces Default Mode Network and Increases Executive Control Network Resting State Functional Connectivity in Healthy Volunteers.
  73. Evidence row 794

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 37532722

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Molecular pathway and structural mechanism of human oncochannel TRPV6 inhibition by the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabivarin.
  74. Evidence row 795

    THCV studied for neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: neurobehavioral, cognition, mood, reward, or THC-interaction outcomes). PMID 40525419

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Exploring Cannabis sativa L for Anti-Alzheimer Potential: An Extensive Computational Study including Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Assessments.
  75. Evidence row 796

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  76. Evidence row 797

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37764262

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Minor Cannabinoids CBC, THCV, and CBN in Human Macrophages.
  77. Evidence row 798

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  78. Evidence row 799

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 19679411

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Evaluation of prevalent phytocannabinoids in the acetic acid model of visceral nociception.
  79. Evidence row 800

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 42151379

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabivarin in managing inflammatory pain.
  80. Evidence row 801

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 20590571

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice.
  81. Evidence row 802

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 17245367

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo.
  82. Evidence row 803

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41135090

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Cannabivarin and tetrahydrocannabivarin modulate nociception via vanilloid channels and cannabinoid-like receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  83. Evidence row 804

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 30350275

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Quantification of Eight Cannabinoids Including Cannabidiol in Human Urine Via Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
  84. Evidence row 805

    THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 22155112

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The endocannabinoid system and plant-derived cannabinoids in diabetes and diabetic complications.
  85. Evidence row 1006

    THCV modulates TRPV3; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRPV3 channel activity, binding, signaling, dermatology-relevant mechanism, or pharmacology). PMID 27498155

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Pure Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin and a Cannabis sativa extract with high content in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin inhibit nitrite production in murine peritoneal macrophages.
  86. Evidence row 1007

    THCV modulates TRPV3; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: TRPV3 channel activity, binding, signaling, dermatology-relevant mechanism, or pharmacology). PMID 38691614

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: TRPV3 activation by different agonists accompanied by lipid dissociation from the vanilloid site.