Safety Reading Notes
Read safety context beside the research guide.
The Sleep quality source set includes safety-context rows around safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 38174873
Developed but mixed human research summary: preliminary human (4)
PubMed For Dummies Article
Sleep quality Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through
- Sleep quality currently has 64 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 38174873
- The evidence classes most visible in the row language are preliminary human (39), insufficient (24), and preclinical (1). PMID 37796540
- The study-design language most visible in the row language is Human clinical study (26), Narrative or expert review (11), Systematic review (7), and other mapped categories (17). PMID 39204082
- The repeated topics are Sleep (25), Anxiety-related outcomes (4), safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-spe... (4), safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns (3), and other mapped categories (28), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 41698831
Start with the research question
Sleep quality is built from 64 source-backed evidence row(s) and 35 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as preliminary human (39), insufficient (24), and preclinical (1), and the study-design language most often reads as Human clinical study (26), Narrative or expert review (11), Systematic review (7), and other mapped categories (17). PMID 38174873
The row-level question is not simply whether Sleep quality is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Sleep (25), Anxiety-related outcomes (4), safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-spe... (4), safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns (3), and other mapped categories (28). PMID 40186931
Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 39612156
Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 37612115
Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 35537535
Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 38797087
The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 35617670
Where this page has the most source density
The largest bucket surfaced for this page is Sleep. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Sleep, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 38174873
Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 40186931
Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling
Sleep
Sleep quality appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 11 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 38174873
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 38174873
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Evidence row 403
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
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Evidence row 414
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38758300
Sleep
Sleep quality appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 9 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 40186931
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 40186931
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Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CB... PMID 41698831
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Evidence row 498
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40186931
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Evidence row 507
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32603954
Sleep
Sleep quality appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39612156
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39612156
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Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled tri... PMID 39204082
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Evidence row 19
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156
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Evidence row 108
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Anxiety-related outcomes
Sleep quality appears in rows studying Anxiety-related outcomes. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 38797087
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 38797087
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Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose... PMID 39204082
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Evidence row 28
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38797087
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Evidence row 58
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anxiety-related... PMID 41296368
safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns
Sleep quality appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37796540
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 37796540
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Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose... PMID 39204082
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Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37796540
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Evidence row 512
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37162192
Appetite and metabolic outcomes
Sleep quality appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 42105814
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 42105814
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Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; durat... PMID 37796540
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Evidence row 622
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight,... PMID 42105814
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Evidence row 629
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, g... PMID 34569849
Overall sleep disturbance
Sleep quality appears in rows studying relation to Overall sleep disturbance. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and the reader should inspect the endpoint and model before generalizing. PMID 39204082
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39204082
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Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; durat... PMID 37796540
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Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose... PMID 39204082
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Evidence row 14
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN;... PMID 37796540
pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts
Sleep quality appears in rows studying pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 41296368
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 41296368
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Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; durat... PMID 37796540
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Evidence row 176
CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or ex... PMID 41296368
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Evidence row 191
CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Animal study; outc... PMID 41840986
Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes
This page currently separates human evidence (28 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (0 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (13 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 38174873
Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 40186931
What this does and does not mean
- It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 41296368
- It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 42207928
- It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 39980821
How to use the source table
The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 38174873
This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 40186931
Source-reading checklist for Sleep quality
- Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 37947792
- Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 37162192
- Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 41840986
- Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 40186931
- Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 36194365
Source Notes
Sleep quality source-by-source reading notes
These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.
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Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 3
CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep -
Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep -
Evidence row 6
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 7
CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 8
CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 14
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 15
CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 16
CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 17
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 18
CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 19
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review. -
Evidence row 20
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 37612115
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial. -
Evidence row 21
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35537535
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders. -
Evidence row 28
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38797087
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial. -
Evidence row 29
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 35617670
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in children with autism spectrum disorder: randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. -
Evidence row 57
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. -
Evidence row 58
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 41296368
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. -
Evidence row 107
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 42207928
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. -
Evidence row 108
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. -
Evidence row 149
CBN studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 159
CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). -
Evidence row 169
CBC studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. -
Evidence row 176
CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts). PMID 41296368
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. -
Evidence row 191
CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts). PMID 41840986
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Oral Consumption of Cannabidiol During Pregnancy Alters Behavior in Mouse Offspring. -
Evidence row 231
THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. -
Evidence row 386
CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes). PMID 36194365
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies. -
Evidence row 403
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. -
Evidence row 404
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. -
Evidence row 405
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36539991
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. -
Evidence row 406
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39167421
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. -
Evidence row 407
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39153080
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial. -
Evidence row 408
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35459406
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep. -
Evidence row 409
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40631525
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. -
Evidence row 410
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40929927
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. -
Evidence row 411
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 41856154
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. -
Evidence row 413
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36107800
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review. -
Evidence row 414
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38758300
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial. -
Evidence row 434
THC studied for Psychiatric risk; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: psychiatric risk outcomes). PMID 41296368
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. -
Evidence row 455
THC studied for Dependence and withdrawal; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: dependence or withdrawal outcomes). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. -
Evidence row 471
THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41296368
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. -
Evidence row 480
THC studied for Nausea and vomiting; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea, vomiting, or antiemetic outcomes). PMID 41296368
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. -
Evidence row 498
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. -
Evidence row 499
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36539991
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. -
Evidence row 500
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40631525
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. -
Evidence row 502
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36107800
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review. -
Evidence row 503
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32430450
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial. -
Evidence row 504
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 33244728
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. -
Evidence row 505
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 33215831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabis: are there any benefits? -
Evidence row 506
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36149724
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review. -
Evidence row 507
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32603954
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. -
Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality -
Evidence row 509
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial -
Evidence row 510
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. -
Evidence row 512
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. -
Evidence row 544
CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). -
Evidence row 571
CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 42105814
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges. -
Evidence row 622
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42105814
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges. -
Evidence row 629
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 34569849
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. -
Evidence row 641
CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. -
Evidence row 753
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40131178
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Differences in Online Descriptions and Marketing of Derived Intoxicating Cannabis Products. -
Evidence row 1202
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 33537938
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Cannabinoids and Sleep/Wake Control.