Cannabinoid Encyclopedia

Health and effects

Cannabinoids and Sleep

Explore how cannabinoid studies measure sleep quality, sleep onset, awakenings, duration, sleep stages, and next-day effects across CBD, CBN, THC, and other compounds.

Updated July 2026 56 research sources Human research included

The short answer

What does the research say about Sleep?

Researchers have studied cannabinoids in connection with Sleep. The current literature covers CBD. This page brings together 28 human-study sources, 21 research reviews, and 5 lab, animal, or mechanism sources. It includes 54 specific study findings from 27 sources. The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. There is no single answer that applies to every cannabinoid, dose, product, or person. 1

Choose your next step

Want the quick path or the full picture?

Use this guide the way you need to. Start with the practical question, then open the study detail only when it helps answer something about Sleep.

What researchers studiedSee the main areas and the evidence behind each one. Safety and limitsKeep product, dose, medications, and context in view. Open the sourcesGo directly to the studies and references used here.

Key takeaways

What to know first

  1. 1

    Research on Sleep covers CBD; those areas should not be combined into one claim. 1

  2. 2

    The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 2

  3. 3

    Dose, formulation, route, study population, and outcome can change how closely a study applies to a real-world question. 3

Research areas

What researchers studied about Sleep

These are the main questions represented in the current literature. Each link opens a source used to build the overview.

Human research included

CBD

Researchers have studied CBD in connection with Sleep. The exact compound, dose, formulation, sleep or health measure, and study design determine what the source can show. 5

Results extracted so far

What did the studies report?

These summaries appear only when the recorded study outcome is specific enough to reproduce from the linked source. If a source has no result summary here, the result has not been extracted yet; that does not mean the study found no effect.

clinical study in people

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality

6 recorded findings

PubMed 37796540

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study involving adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality, researchers reported fewer nighttime awakenings following 20 mg CBN over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was placebo. 2

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study involving adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality, researchers reported lower overall sleep disturbance following 20 mg CBN over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was placebo. 2

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study involving adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality, researchers did not detect a difference in sleep onset latency following 20 mg CBN over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was placebo. 2

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study involving adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality, researchers did not detect a difference in wake after sleep onset following 20 mg CBN over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was placebo. 2

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study involving adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality, researchers did not detect a difference in daytime fatigue following 20 mg CBN over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was placebo. 2

  • In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multi-arm trial involving 293 adults with self-rated poor or very poor sleep quality, researchers did not detect a difference in augmentation of cbn sleep effects following 20 mg CBN with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 100 mg CBD nightly by the not stated in the PubMed abstract route over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was 20 mg CBN alone and placebo. 2

    Recorded result: Adding CBD did not positively augment the CBN treatment effects.

clinical study in people

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep

2 recorded findings

PubMed 39204082

  • In a decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, researchers reported lower overall sleep disturbance following 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation. The recorded comparator was placebo and 4 mg melatonin. 3

  • In a decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, researchers did not detect a difference in side effect frequency following 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation. The recorded comparator was placebo. 3

clinical study in people

Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

2 recorded findings

PubMed 40631525

  • In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial involving 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder, researchers reported a decrease in total sleep time after an acute THC-CBD dose following 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once by the oral route over single study night. The recorded comparator was placebo. 4

    Recorded result: Total sleep time decreased by 24.5 minutes (P=.05; d=-.5).

  • In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial involving 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder, researchers did not detect a difference in subjective sleep quality after an acute thc-cbd dose following 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once by the oral route over single study night. The recorded comparator was placebo. 4

    Recorded result: No change in subjective sleep quality was detected.

clinical study in people

Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.

6 recorded findings

PubMed 38174873

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in insomnia severity following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in self-reported sleep-onset latency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in self-reported sleep efficiency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in wake after sleep onset following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers reported an increase in well-being score following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: Trial-end mean difference 2.60 (standard error 1.20; P<0.05).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers reported an increase in objective sleep efficiency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5

    Recorded result: Mean difference 6.85 (standard error 2.95; P<0.05).

clinical study in people

Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

4 recorded findings

PubMed 41698831

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder, researchers did not detect a difference in wake after sleep onset following a single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN. The recorded comparator was placebo. 6

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder, researchers reported shorter sleep onset latency following 300 mg CBN. The recorded comparator was placebo. 6

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder, researchers reported higher subjective sleep quality following 300 mg CBN. The recorded comparator was placebo. 6

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder, researchers reported more NREM-2 sleep following 300 mg CBN. The recorded comparator was placebo. 6

systematic review or meta-analysis

Cannabis and sleep architecture: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

1 recorded finding

PubMed 40967124

  • In a systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic cannabis studies involving 18 studies identified; 9 included in meta-analysis, researchers did not detect a difference in consistent objective sleep-architecture improvement in a cannabis review following varied across included studies over varied across included studies. The recorded comparator was varied across included studies. 7

    Recorded result: The review found no consistent alteration across objective sleep-architecture measures.

clinical study in people

Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Mitigates Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue in Patients with Primary Hypertension: Insights from a Randomized Crossover Trial.

1 recorded finding

PubMed 39187263

  • In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial involving 64 patients with primary hypertension, researchers did not detect a difference in pittsburgh sleep quality index score in primary hypertension following 225 to 450 mg by the not stated in the PubMed abstract route over 5 weeks per condition. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8

    Recorded result: No change in PSQI total score was detected (P=.862).

clinical study in people

Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.

1 recorded finding

PubMed 39980821

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial involving 20 adults with subthreshold insomnia symptoms, researchers reported an increase in sleep quality and efficiency after a THC-CBN-CBD-terpene supplement following one specified soft gel; schedule not stated in the abstract by the oral route over 10 days per condition. The recorded comparator was placebo. 9

    Recorded result: The combination improved sleep quality/efficiency versus placebo (P<0.05).

systematic review or meta-analysis

Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.

1 recorded finding

PubMed 40929927

  • In a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized cannabinoid-versus-placebo studies involving 6 trials with 1,077 adults with or without insomnia or poor sleep, researchers did not detect a difference in pooled subjective sleep quality in cbd-only randomized trials following varied across included trials over varied across included trials. The recorded comparator was placebo. 10

    Recorded result: CBD-only pooled effect SMD 0.13 (95% CI -0.38 to 0.65; P=.61), not statistically significant.

clinical study in people

Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.

4 recorded findings

PubMed 39167421

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial involving 125 people with insomnia, researchers reported an increase in combined slow-wave and REM sleep percentage following 300 mg CBD plus 1 mg each of eight terpenes per administration by the oral route over 4 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11

    Recorded result: Mean difference 1.3 percentage points (SE 0.60; 95% CI 0.1 to 2.5; P=0.03).

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial involving 125 people with insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in total sleep time following 300 mg CBD plus 1 mg each of eight terpenes per administration by the oral route over 4 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11

    Recorded result: The abstract reports no detected effect on total sleep time.

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial involving 125 people with insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in resting heart rate following 300 mg CBD plus 1 mg each of eight terpenes per administration by the oral route over 4 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11

    Recorded result: The abstract reports no detected effect on resting heart rate.

  • In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial involving 125 people with insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in heart rate variability following 300 mg CBD plus 1 mg each of eight terpenes per administration by the oral route over 4 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11

    Recorded result: The abstract reports no detected effect on heart rate variability.

clinical study in people

Eight Weeks of Daily Cannabidiol Supplementation Improves Sleep Quality and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity.

2 recorded findings

PubMed 37836465

  • In a randomized placebo-controlled parallel study involving 28 healthy college-aged adults, researchers reported an increase in within-group questionnaire-rated sleep quality in healthy young adults following 50 mg daily by the oral route over 8 weeks. The recorded comparator was calorie-matched placebo. 12

    Recorded result: The CBD group improved from baseline (P=0.0023); the abstract does not report a CBD-versus-placebo effect estimate for sleep quality.

  • In a randomized placebo-controlled parallel study involving 28 healthy college-aged adults, researchers did not detect a difference in sleep quantity in healthy young adults following 50 mg daily by the oral route over 8 weeks. The recorded comparator was calorie-matched placebo. 12

    Recorded result: No significant CBD-versus-placebo difference in sleep quantity was detected.

How strong is the research?

Not every study answers the same question

This page separates research in people, research reviews, and earlier-stage biology before interpreting the larger question.

28 sources

Human studies

Research involving people is closest to everyday health questions. The product, dose, population, and outcome still determine what each study can show.

21 sources

Reviews and evidence summaries

Reviews can compare several studies at once. Their conclusion is only as strong and as relevant as the studies they include.

5 sources

Lab, animal, and mechanism research

Early-stage research can explain biological interest. It cannot, by itself, show that the same effect happens in people.

Another 2 of 56 research sources could not be placed cleanly into those three groups from the recorded study details.

What these studies actually looked at

The research on Sleep is not one kind of study. This source set includes 21 clinical studies in people, 13 narrative or expert reviews, 9 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, and 4 animal studies. 3

The recorded populations or models include people or patients (23 sources), animal models (5 sources), and cells or tissue models (2 sources). A result from one group or model should not be assumed to apply to another. 4

The most common recorded outcome focus is sleep-related outcomes (24 sources), oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms (13 sources), and sleep onset latency (2 sources). Closely related outcome names can still describe different measurements. 5

Some source records specify doses including not stated in the PubMed abstract (3 sources), 150 mg nightly (2 sources), and varied across included studies (2 sources). These are descriptions of what researchers tested, not personal dosing instructions. 6

The Sleep source set also contains findings or reviews that remain too limited, indirect, or mixed for a broad answer. That uncertainty is part of the result, not an empty space to fill with assumptions. 7

Examples from the literature

What did the studies actually look at?

Each example names the research question and the study details recorded for that source.

systematic review or meta-analysis

Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.

On this page, this source examines THC and sleep. 1

Study type
systematic review or meta-analysis
Outcome focus
sleep-related outcomes
Evidence stage
evidence still limited

clinical study in people

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality

On this page, this source examines CBN and nighttime awakenings, CBN and sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue, and CBN and overall sleep disturbance and other related questions. 2

Study type
clinical study in people
Population or model
adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality and 293 adults with self-rated poor or very poor sleep quality
Outcome focus
number of awakenings and sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue and other recorded details
Dose recorded
20 mg CBN and 20 mg CBN with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 100 mg CBD nightly
Evidence stage
human research

clinical study in people

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep

On this page, this source examines CBN and overall sleep disturbance and CBN and side effect frequency. 3

Study type
clinical study in people
Population or model
people or patients
Outcome focus
pROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A and side effect frequency
Dose recorded
25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation
Evidence stage
human research

clinical study in people

Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

On this page, this source examines CBD and sleep, THC and sleep, and CBD and total sleep time after an acute THC-CBD dose and other related questions. 4

Study type
clinical study in people
Population or model
people or patients and 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder
Outcome focus
sleep-related outcomes and high-density EEG total sleep time and other recorded details
Dose recorded
10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once
Evidence stage
human research

clinical study in people

Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.

On this page, this source examines CBD and sleep, CBD and insomnia severity, and CBD and self-reported sleep-onset latency and other related questions. 5

Study type
clinical study in people
Population or model
30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia
Outcome focus
sleep-related outcomes and insomnia severity and other recorded details
Dose recorded
150 mg nightly
Evidence stage
human research

Safety and limits

What should readers keep in mind?

Research on Sleep should be read beside safety. A compound can be non-intoxicating or naturally occurring and still have pharmacologic effects, side effects, interactions, or product-quality concerns. 2

Research doses are descriptions of what a study tested. They are not personal dosing instructions. Questions involving medications, pregnancy, children, driving, liver health, heart health, or serious symptoms deserve professional medical guidance.

Drug interactions Pregnancy and children Driving and impairment All safety topics

Common questions

Questions people ask

Can cannabinoids help with Sleep?

Research exists, but there is not one answer for every cannabinoid or product. The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 7

Why can studies reach different answers?

Studies may test different cannabinoids, doses, formulations, routes, people, and outcomes. Those differences can change the result. 8

What should I check in a study?

Check whether it studied people, what product and dose it used, what it measured, how long it lasted, and whether safety was reported. 9

Sources

Read the research

The numbered sources below support the main overview. Links open the PubMed record or DOI in a new tab.

  1. 1
    Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited PubMed 32603954 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101339
  2. 2
    A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality clinical study in people; human research PubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
  3. 3
    A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep clinical study in people; human research PubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
  4. 4
    Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 40631525 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70124
  5. 5
    Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 38174873 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.10998
  6. 6
    Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial clinical study in people; human research PubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
  7. 7
    Cannabis and sleep architecture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; systematic review PubMed 40967124 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102164
  8. 8
    Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Mitigates Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue in Patients with Primary Hypertension: Insights from a Randomized Crossover Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 39187263 DOI 10.1089/can.2024.0028
  9. 9
    Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
  10. 10
    Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited; systematic review PubMed 40929927 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102156
  11. 11
    Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 39167421 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.11324
  12. 12
    Eight Weeks of Daily Cannabidiol Supplementation Improves Sleep Quality and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 37836465 DOI 10.3390/nu15194173
See all 56 research sources

This complete source list is the deeper research layer for the page. Study type and evidence context are shown when they are available in the current record.

  1. Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 34468204
  2. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality clinical study in people; human research / 7 linked research notes PubMed 37796540
  3. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep clinical study in people; human research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39204082
  4. Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial clinical study in people; human research / 5 linked research notes PubMed 41698831
  5. A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats rat polysomnography study; mechanism-focused study; preclinical research; mechanism-focused research / 4 linked research notes PubMed 39528623
  6. Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 39612156
  7. Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial. clinical study in people; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 37612115
  8. Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35537535
  9. Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; human research; systematic review / 2 linked research notes PubMed 42207928
  10. Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 3 linked research notes PubMed 39980821
  11. Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. clinical study in people; human research / 7 linked research notes PubMed 38174873
  12. Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. clinical study in people; human research / 3 linked research notes PubMed 36539991
  13. Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. clinical study in people; human research / 5 linked research notes PubMed 39167421
  14. The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial. clinical study in people; human research / 6 linked research notes PubMed 39153080
  15. The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35459406
  16. Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 4 linked research notes PubMed 40631525
  17. Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited; systematic review / 2 linked research notes PubMed 40929927
  18. The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 41856154
  19. Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis? narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 31161270
  20. Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 36107800
  21. Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 38758300
  22. The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 40186931
  23. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 32430450
  24. Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33244728
  25. Cannabis: are there any benefits? clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 33215831
  26. Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited; systematic review / 2 linked research notes PubMed 36149724
  27. Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32603954
  28. Endocannabinoid hydrolases. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 12432941
  29. Fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with many bioactive substrates. Possible therapeutic implications. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 11945157
  30. Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family? narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 14691053
  31. Oleamide: a fatty acid amide signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system? narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 17445087
  32. The palmitoylethanolamide and oleamide enigmas : are these two fatty acid amides cannabimimetic? narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 10469890
  33. The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 18514375
  34. The sleep inducing factor oleamide is produced by mouse neuroblastoma cells. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 9344854
  35. The enzymatic inactivation of the fatty acid amide class of signaling lipids. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 12505696
  36. Oleamide: an endogenous sleep-inducing lipid and prototypical member of a new class of biological signaling molecules. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 10197045
  37. Modification of 5-HT2 receptor mediated behaviour in the rat by oleamide and the role of cannabinoid receptors. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 10221757
  38. Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 8900284
  39. The hypnotic actions of oleamide are blocked by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist. animal study; mechanism-focused research / 1 linked research note PubMed 10574567
  40. Cannabinoids and Sleep/Wake Control. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33537938
  41. Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol. small placebo- and active-comparator clinical trial summarized in a review article; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 7028792
  42. Cannabidiol can improve complex sleep-related behaviours associated with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease patients: a case series. case series; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 24845114
  43. No Acute Effects of Cannabidiol on the Sleep-Wake Cycle of Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 29674967
  44. Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. retrospective chart-review case series; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 30624194
  45. The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 37162192
  46. Eight Weeks of Daily Cannabidiol Supplementation Improves Sleep Quality and Immune Cell Cytotoxicity. clinical study in people; human research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 37836465
  47. The effects of cannabidiol on sleep disturbances within a sample of high trait worriers: A double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 41678223
  48. The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on sleep in cancer patients. observational study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 41120744
  49. The Use of Cannabinoids for Insomnia in Daily Life: Naturalistic Study. retrospective naturalistic app-based study; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 34704957
  50. Same-Day Sedative and Night-Time Sleep Effects Following Combined Cannabinoid Formulations: A Randomised-Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 40542913
  51. Chronic Cannabidiol Administration Mitigates Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Fatigue in Patients with Primary Hypertension: Insights from a Randomized Crossover Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 39187263
  52. The use of cannabinoid therapy in treatment-refractory isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: a case report. single case report; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 40130438
  53. Tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. exploratory prospective open-label trial; human research / 2 linked research notes PubMed 42387200
  54. Cannabis and sleep architecture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; systematic review / 1 linked research note PubMed 40967124
  55. Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 34569849
  56. Effect of Cannabigerol on Sleep and Quality of Life in Veterans: A Decentralized, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 41574318