Outcome Research Guide

Sleep, explained simply with PubMed links

This page translates Sleep research into plain English: what scientists studied, what kind of evidence exists, where the source links are strong or limited, and which PubMed records support each bucket.

Launch set page

Read Evidence Overview Open Source Table

69research sources

52evidence buckets

PubMedlinked references

What this page is

A plain-English research page about Sleep. It explains what researchers studied and links the PubMed or DOI sources.

How to use it

Read the overview first. If a sentence matters to you, open the PubMed link or source table below it.

Important limit

This page is education, not medical advice, dosing advice, or a recommendation to use cannabinoids.

Evidence Rows 110

Traceable statements carried into the source table.

Human Evidence 27

Rows where human participants, patients, or clinical evidence are visible.

Mechanisms 5

Biology, target, enzyme, receptor, or pharmacology rows.

Safety / Limits 24

Safety, tolerability, uncertainty, or insufficient-evidence context.

Evidence Overview

Sleep has research behind it, but the bucket matters.

This page currently indexes 69 research sources across 52 evidence bucket(s). Read it as a map of what researchers have studied, not as a single bottom-line instruction. PMID 12432941

Human evidence 27 evidence rows

Human studies are separated from preclinical and mechanistic evidence so a reader can see where people were actually studied. PMID 12432941

Mechanisms 5 evidence rows

Mechanistic rows explain biological plausibility, receptor activity, enzyme activity, or pharmacology; they do not automatically prove an outcome in people. PMID 12432941

Safety and limits 24 evidence rows

Safety, tolerability, product quality, impairment, interactions, and higher-risk contexts stay visible instead of being treated as footnotes. PMID 12432941

Evidence Buckets

What the Sleep research is usually about

Jump to source-backed table

oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms

Sleep appears in rows studying oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 13 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 12432941

Sleep

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 12 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 38174873

Sleep

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 10 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 40186931

Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

Sleep appears in rows studying Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37648266

Sleep

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39612156

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

Sleep appears in rows studying safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 37796540

Reader Map

Evidence buckets before the source table

Grouped for readability

Bucket	Plain-English meaning	Evidence posture	Starting source
oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms	Grouped source-backed rows focused on oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (9), mechanistic or pharmacological (4)	PMID 12432941
Sleep	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Sleep, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), preliminary human (7)	PMID 38174873
Sleep	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Sleep, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (6), preliminary human (4)	PMID 40186931
Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (4)	PMID 37648266
Sleep	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Sleep, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), preliminary human (2)	PMID 39612156
safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Grouped source-backed rows focused on safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: preliminary human (4)	PMID 37796540
Anxiety-related outcomes	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Anxiety-related outcomes, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (1), preliminary human (2)	PMID 38797087
Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Grouped source-backed rows focused on Appetite and metabolic outcomes, collapsed into one reader-facing bucket before the full source table.	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (1)	PMID 32899626

Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The Sleep source set includes safety-context rows around oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 12432941

Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (9), mechanistic or pharmacological (4)

PubMed For Dummies Article

Sleep Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read

Sleep currently has 110 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 12432941
The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (58), preliminary human (43), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), and preclinical (3). PMID 34468204
The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (34), Human clinical study (30), Systematic review (11), and other mapped categories (31). PMID 37796540
The repeated topics are Sleep (27), oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism... (13), safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns (10), Pain-related outcomes (6), and other mapped categories (54), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 39204082

Start with the research question

Sleep is built from 110 source-backed evidence row(s) and 69 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (58), preliminary human (43), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), and preclinical (3), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (34), Human clinical study (30), Systematic review (11), and other mapped categories (31). PMID 12432941

The row-level question is not simply whether Sleep is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are Sleep (27), oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism... (13), safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns (10), Pain-related outcomes (6), and other mapped categories (54). PMID 38174873

Human evidence 27 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 41698831

Preclinical evidence 3 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 39528623

Mechanistic evidence 5 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 39612156

Limits and uncertainty 82 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 37612115

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 35537535

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Sleep, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 12432941

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 38174873

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms

13 research sources 13 rows (1119-1202) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (9), mechanistic or pharmacological (4)

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 12432941

Evidence row 13
CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study). PMID 39528623
Evidence row 1119
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; stu... PMID 12432941
Evidence row 1202
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, recep... PMID 33537938

Sleep

12 research sources 12 rows (403-414) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), preliminary human (7)

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 12 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 38174873

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 38174873

Evidence row 12
CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep). PMID 39528623
Evidence row 403
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
Evidence row 414
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38758300

Sleep

10 research sources 10 rows (498-507) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (6), preliminary human (4)

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 10 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 40186931

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 40186931

Evidence row 10
CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time). PMID 39528623
Evidence row 498
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40186931
Evidence row 507
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32603954

Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

5 research sources 6 rows (217-324) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (4)

Evidence row 6
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover... PMID 41698831
Evidence row 217
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome... PMID 37648266
Evidence row 324
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical stud... PMID 28538134

Sleep

5 research sources 5 rows (19-108) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), preliminary human (2)

Sleep appears in rows studying Sleep. It currently draws from 5 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39612156

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39612156

Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled tri... PMID 39204082
Evidence row 19
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156
Evidence row 108
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

4 research sources 4 rows (508-512) Developed but mixed human research summary: preliminary human (4)

Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose... PMID 39204082
Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37796540
Evidence row 512
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human... PMID 37162192

Anxiety-related outcomes

3 research sources 3 rows (28-61) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (1), preliminary human (2)

Sleep appears in rows studying Anxiety-related outcomes. It currently draws from 3 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 38797087

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 38797087

Evidence row 3
CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind rand... PMID 37796540
Evidence row 28
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38797087
Evidence row 61
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: anxiety-relat... PMID 35982439

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

3 research sources 3 rows (620-629) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (1)

Sleep appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 3 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 32899626

Evidence row 3
CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind rand... PMID 37796540
Evidence row 620
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight,... PMID 32899626
Evidence row 629
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, g... PMID 34569849

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (27 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (5 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (24 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 12432941

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 38174873

What this does and does not mean

It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 38797087
It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 32899626
It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 32825313

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 12432941

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 38174873

Source-reading checklist for Sleep

Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 31288397
Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 38174873
Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 35982439
Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 41142233
Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 37648266

Source Notes

Sleep source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

Evidence row 1
CBN associated with sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base; evidence class: insufficient (study design: narrative review). PMID 34468204
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: narrative review. Source: Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction
Evidence row 2
CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 3
CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 4
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
Evidence row 5
CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency). PMID 39204082
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Source: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving Sleep
Evidence row 6
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 7
CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 8
CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 9
CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 10
CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 11
CBN increases NREM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: NREM sleep). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 12
CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: rat polysomnography study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 13
CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study). PMID 39528623
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: rat and pharmacological study. Source: A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in rats
Evidence row 14
CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 15
CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 16
CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 17
CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 18
CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 19
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39612156
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.
Evidence row 20
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 37612115
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.
Evidence row 21
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35537535
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.
Evidence row 28
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38797087
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial.
Evidence row 39
THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
Evidence row 42
CBDV studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related or neurodevelopmental outcomes). PMID 32825313
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies.
Evidence row 51
CBD interacts with drug or class drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: drug-interaction or safety-relevant outcomes). PMID 31288397
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug-Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use.
Evidence row 57
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.
Evidence row 61
CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes). PMID 35982439
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.
Evidence row 93
Cannabinoids studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41142233
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacologic treatment of fibromyalgia: an update.
Evidence row 98
CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts). PMID 37648266
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Evidence row 107
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 42207928
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evidence row 108
CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
Evidence row 145
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 35629320
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity.
Evidence row 149
CBN studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 159
CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Evidence row 169
CBC studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 217
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37648266
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Evidence row 227
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42204954
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A Phase-2 Open-Label Trial of Cannabidiol to Treat Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism in Children and Adolescents Without Intellectual Disability.
Evidence row 229
THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 34791767
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.
Evidence row 231
THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.
Evidence row 259
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 21557733
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Allosteric modulation of glycine receptors.
Evidence row 264
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 15589342
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Sampling glutamate and GABA with microdialysis: suggestions on how to get the dialysis membrane closer to the synapse.
Evidence row 309
THC modulates endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms). PMID 39747798
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Chemical Probes for Investigating the Endocannabinoid System.
Evidence row 320
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37648266
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Evidence row 321
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 26724101
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.
Evidence row 322
THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 33536055
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.
Evidence row 323
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 29768152
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.
Evidence row 324
CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 28538134
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome.
Evidence row 350
Delta-8 THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38127427
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Using Transformer-Based Topic Modeling to Examine Discussions of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol: Content Analysis.
Evidence row 386
CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes). PMID 36194365
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.
Evidence row 393
CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 29513392
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.
Evidence row 403
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38174873
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.
Evidence row 404
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
Evidence row 405
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36539991
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.
Evidence row 406
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39167421
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.
Evidence row 407
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 39153080
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial.
Evidence row 408
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 35459406
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep.
Evidence row 409
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40631525
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 410
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40929927
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.
Evidence row 411
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 41856154
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evidence row 412
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 31161270
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?
Evidence row 413
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36107800
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review.
Evidence row 414
CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 38758300
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial.
Evidence row 425
CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes). PMID 27264138
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Treatment of Dravet Syndrome.
Evidence row 429
CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes). PMID 33243685
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome beyond childhood: A comprehensive review.
Evidence row 430
CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37648266
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.
Evidence row 453
THC studied for Dependence and withdrawal; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: dependence or withdrawal outcomes). PMID 34791767
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.
Evidence row 455
THC studied for Dependence and withdrawal; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: dependence or withdrawal outcomes). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.
Evidence row 472
THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35982439
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.
Evidence row 476
THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37283486
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain.
Evidence row 481
THC studied for Nausea and vomiting; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: nausea, vomiting, or antiemetic outcomes). PMID 35982439
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.
Evidence row 493
THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes). PMID 29400010
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine.
Evidence row 498
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40186931
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.
Evidence row 499
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36539991
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.
Evidence row 500
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 40631525
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 501
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 31161270
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?
Evidence row 502
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36107800
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review.
Evidence row 503
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32430450
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial.
Evidence row 504
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 33244728
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Evidence row 505
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 33215831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabis: are there any benefits?
Evidence row 506
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 36149724
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review.
Evidence row 507
THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes). PMID 32603954
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.
Evidence row 508
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37796540
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
Evidence row 509
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41698831
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial
Evidence row 510
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39980821
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.
Evidence row 512
CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 544
CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Evidence row 571
CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 42105814
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.
Evidence row 620
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
Evidence row 622
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42105814
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.
Evidence row 629
CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 34569849
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms.
Evidence row 641
CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37162192
Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.
Evidence row 686
CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
Evidence row 753
THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40131178
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Differences in Online Descriptions and Marketing of Derived Intoxicating Cannabis Products.
Evidence row 760
THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 32899626
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
Evidence row 796
THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 32899626
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
Evidence row 1083
2-AG studied for 2-AG biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: 2-AG biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 12432941
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoid hydrolases.
Evidence row 1119
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 12432941
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoid hydrolases.
Evidence row 1120
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 11945157
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with many bioactive substrates. Possible therapeutic implications.
Evidence row 1121
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 14691053
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family?
Evidence row 1122
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 17445087
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleamide: a fatty acid amide signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system?
Evidence row 1123
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 10469890
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The palmitoylethanolamide and oleamide enigmas : are these two fatty acid amides cannabimimetic?
Evidence row 1124
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 18514375
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep.
Evidence row 1125
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 9344854
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The sleep inducing factor oleamide is produced by mouse neuroblastoma cells.
Evidence row 1126
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 12505696
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The enzymatic inactivation of the fatty acid amide class of signaling lipids.
Evidence row 1127
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 10197045
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleamide: an endogenous sleep-inducing lipid and prototypical member of a new class of biological signaling molecules.
Evidence row 1128
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 10221757
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Modification of 5-HT2 receptor mediated behaviour in the rat by oleamide and the role of cannabinoid receptors.
Evidence row 1129
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 8900284
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides.
Evidence row 1130
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 10574567
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The hypnotic actions of oleamide are blocked by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist.
Evidence row 1158
Virodhamine studied for virodhamine biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: virodhamine biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 18514375
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep.
Evidence row 1202
Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 33537938
Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Cannabinoids and Sleep/Wake Control.

Source Trail

Source-backed evidence table and references

69 research sources

This section is the technical source layer under the overview. It keeps grouped evidence buckets, evidence rows, PubMed or DOI links, related pages, and references visible for audit and revision.

Plain-Language Summary

This outcome page summarizes cannabinoid-related evidence connected to Sleep. The current ledger contributes 110 evidence row(s) from 69 source(s).

Identity

Canonical name: sleep
Type: outcome
Subtype: Not recorded
Description: Outcome area for auditable evidence review.

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence rows: 110
Sources: 69
Evidence classes: insufficient (58), mechanistic or pharmacological (6), preclinical (3), preliminary human (43)
Draft sections: human evidence (27), mechanistic evidence (5), preclinical evidence (3), safety (24), uncertainty (51)

Key Draft Sections

Human evidence: 27 evidence row(s).
Safety and tolerability: 24 evidence row(s).
Uncertainty and gaps: 51 evidence row(s).
Preclinical evidence: 3 evidence row(s).
Mechanistic evidence: 5 evidence row(s).

Compounds Studied With This Outcome

Subject	Relationship	Object Or Focus	Evidence Summary	Sources	Evidence Rows
2-AG	studied for	2-AG biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	1083
Cannabinoids	modulates	receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (2)	2	2 rows (259-264)
Cannabinoids	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	93
CBC	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	686
CBC	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	169
CBC	studied for	safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	641
CBD	studied for	Anxiety-related outcomes	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (1), preliminary human (2)	3	3 rows (28-61)
CBD	interacts with drug or class	drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	51
CBD	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (2)	2	2 rows (393-430)
CBD	studied for	pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	98
CBD	studied for	safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (4)	5	6 rows (217-324)
CBD	studied for	Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (3)	3	3 rows (386-429)
CBD	studied for	Sleep	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), preliminary human (7)	12	12 rows (403-414)
CBDA	studied for	nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	145
CBDV	studied for	Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	42
CBG	studied for	Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (2), preliminary human (1)	3	3 rows (620-629)
CBG	modulates	receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	571
CBG	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	159
CBG	studied for	safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	544
CBN	associated with	Adverse events	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	15
CBN	no detected effect on	Daytime fatigue	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	18
CBN	decreases	Nighttime awakenings	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	2
CBN	increases	NREM sleep	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	11
CBN	increases	NREM-2 sleep	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	9
CBN	decreases	Overall sleep disturbance	Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)	2	2 rows (4-14)
CBN	increases	REM sleep	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	12
CBN	studied for	safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	149
CBN	studied for	safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns	Developed but mixed human research summary: preliminary human (4)	4	4 rows (508-512)
CBN	no detected effect on	Side effect frequency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	5
CBN	studied for	Sleep	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), preliminary human (2)	5	5 rows (19-108)
CBN	modulates	sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats	Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	1	13
CBN	decreases	Sleep onset latency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	7
CBN	no detected effect on	Sleep onset latency	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	16
CBN	no detected effect on	sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	3
CBN	associated with	sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	1
CBN	increases	Subjective sleep quality	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	8
CBN	increases	Total sleep time	Preclinical research summary: preclinical (1)	1	10
CBN	no detected effect on	Wake after sleep onset	Early human research summary: preliminary human (2)	2	2 rows (6-17)
Delta-8 THC	studied for	safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns	Early human research summary: preliminary human (1)	1	350
Oleamide	studied for	oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (9), mechanistic or pharmacological (4)	13	13 rows (1119-1202)
THC	studied for	Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	493
THC	studied for	Dependence and withdrawal	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (2)	2	2 rows (453-455)
THC	modulates	endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	309
THC	studied for	Nausea and vomiting	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	481
THC	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (2)	2	2 rows (472-476)
THC	studied for	safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns	Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (2), mechanistic or pharmacological (1)	3	3 rows (229-322)
THC	studied for	Sleep	Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (6), preliminary human (4)	10	10 rows (498-507)
THCV	studied for	Appetite and metabolic outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	39
THCV	studied for	Pain-related outcomes	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	796
THCV	modulates	receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	760
THCV	studied for	safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	753
Virodhamine	studied for	virodhamine biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms	Mapped evidence with interpretation limits: insufficient (1)	1	1158

Source-Backed Evidence Table

Evidence Row	Statement	Source
1	CBN associated with sleep-promoting claims in the pre-2021 evidence base; evidence class: insufficient (study design: narrative review).	Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from FictionPubMed 34468204 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0006
2	CBN decreases Nighttime awakenings; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: number of awakenings).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
3	CBN no detected effect on sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, or daytime fatigue).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
4	CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: PROMIS Sleep Disturbance 8A).	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
5	CBN no detected effect on Side effect frequency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Participants in randomized sleep-quality trial; study design: decentralized randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; dose: 25 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg oral CBN formulation; outcome measure: Side effect frequency).	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
6	CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography wake after sleep onset).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
7	CBN decreases Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: sleep onset latency).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
8	CBN increases Subjective sleep quality; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: Subjective sleep quality).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
9	CBN increases NREM-2 sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: 300 mg CBN; outcome measure: polysomnography NREM-2 sleep).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
10	CBN increases Total sleep time; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: total sleep time).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
11	CBN increases NREM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: NREM sleep).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
12	CBN increases REM sleep; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: rats; study design: rat polysomnography study; outcome measure: REM sleep).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
13	CBN modulates sleep architecture through 11-hydroxy-CBN activity in rats; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: rats; study design: rat and pharmacological study).	A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
14	CBN decreases Overall sleep disturbance; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: overall sleep disturbance).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
15	CBN associated with Adverse events; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: 20 adults with physician-diagnosed insomnia disorder; study design: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial; dose: single oral dose of 30 mg or 300 mg CBN, or placebo; outcome measure: mild-to-moderate adverse events across arms).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
16	CBN no detected effect on Sleep onset latency; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Sleep onset latency).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
17	CBN no detected effect on Wake after sleep onset; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Wake after sleep onset).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
18	CBN no detected effect on Daytime fatigue; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Adults 18-55 with poor self-rated sleep quality; study design: double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study; dose: 20 mg CBN; duration: 7 nights; outcome measure: Daytime fatigue).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
19	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.PubMed 39612156 DOI 10.1007/s11920-024-01564-7
20	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 37612115 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071148
21	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.PubMed 35537535 DOI 10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.151
28	CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes).	Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial.PubMed 38797087 DOI 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104073
39	THCV studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related or metabolic outcomes).	It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
42	CBDV studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related or neurodevelopmental outcomes).	Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies.PubMed 32825313 DOI 10.3390/brainsci10090572
51	CBD interacts with drug or class drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: drug-interaction or safety-relevant outcomes).	Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug-Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use.PubMed 31288397 DOI 10.3390/jcm8070989
57	CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes).	Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.PubMed 38174873 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.10998
61	CBD studied for Anxiety-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: anxiety-related outcomes).	Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.PubMed 35982439 DOI 10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
93	Cannabinoids studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Pharmacologic treatment of fibromyalgia: an update.PubMed 41142233 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1651181
98	CBD studied for pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pregnancy, lactation, pediatric, adolescent, or developmental contexts).	Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.PubMed 37648266 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348
107	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 42207928 DOI 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001289
108	CBN studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
145	CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes).	Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity.PubMed 35629320 DOI 10.3390/life12050652
149	CBN studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
159	CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).PubMed 37947792 DOI 10.1080/15502783.2023.2280113
169	CBC studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
217	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.PubMed 37648266 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348
227	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	A Phase-2 Open-Label Trial of Cannabidiol to Treat Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism in Children and Adolescents Without Intellectual Disability.PubMed 42204954 DOI 10.1177/10445463261452514
229	THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.PubMed 34791767 DOI 10.1111/add.15743
231	THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.PubMed 40186931 DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
259	Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Allosteric modulation of glycine receptors.PubMed 21557733 DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01471.x
264	Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Sampling glutamate and GABA with microdialysis: suggestions on how to get the dialysis membrane closer to the synapse.PubMed 15589342 DOI 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.04.039
309	THC modulates endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms).	Chemical Probes for Investigating the Endocannabinoid System.PubMed 39747798 DOI 10.1007/7854_2024_563
320	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.PubMed 37648266 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348
321	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.PubMed 26724101 DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(15
322	THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.PubMed 33536055 DOI 10.1186/s13229-021-00420-2
323	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.PubMed 29768152 DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1714631
324	CBD studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome.PubMed 28538134 DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1611618
350	Delta-8 THC studied for safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, risk, adverse-event, or formulation-specific concerns).	Using Transformer-Based Topic Modeling to Examine Discussions of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol: Content Analysis.PubMed 38127427 DOI 10.2196/49469
386	CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes).	Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.PubMed 36194365 DOI 10.1007/s40263-022-00955-9
393	CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.PubMed 29513392 DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd012182.pub2
403	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.PubMed 38174873 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.10998
404	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
405	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.PubMed 36539991 DOI 10.1111/jsr.13793
406	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.PubMed 39167421 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.11324
407	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial.PubMed 39153080 DOI 10.1007/s00213-024-06674-x
408	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep.PubMed 35459406 DOI 10.1177/21501319221081277
409	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.PubMed 40631525 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70124
410	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.PubMed 40929927 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102156
411	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 41856154 DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(26
412	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?PubMed 31161270 DOI 10.1007/s11864-019-0659-9
413	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review.PubMed 36107800 DOI 10.1093/sleep/zsac218
414	CBD studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial.PubMed 38758300 DOI 10.1007/s00213-024-06595-9
425	CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes).	Treatment of Dravet Syndrome.PubMed 27264138 DOI 10.1017/cjn.2016.249
429	CBD studied for Seizure and neurodevelopmental outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: seizure-related outcomes).	Management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome beyond childhood: A comprehensive review.PubMed 33243685 DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107612
430	CBD studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.PubMed 37648266 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348
453	THC studied for Dependence and withdrawal; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: dependence or withdrawal outcomes).	Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.PubMed 34791767 DOI 10.1111/add.15743
455	THC studied for Dependence and withdrawal; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: dependence or withdrawal outcomes).	The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.PubMed 40186931 DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
472	THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.PubMed 35982439 DOI 10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
476	THC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain.PubMed 37283486 DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd014915.pub2
481	THC studied for Nausea and vomiting; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: nausea, vomiting, or antiemetic outcomes).	Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.PubMed 35982439 DOI 10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
493	THC studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: appetite or metabolic outcomes).	Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine.PubMed 29400010 DOI 10.1002/jcsm.12273
498	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.PubMed 40186931 DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
499	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.PubMed 36539991 DOI 10.1111/jsr.13793
500	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.PubMed 40631525 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70124
501	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?PubMed 31161270 DOI 10.1007/s11864-019-0659-9
502	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review.PubMed 36107800 DOI 10.1093/sleep/zsac218
503	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 32430450 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034421
504	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PubMed 33244728 DOI 10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x
505	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabis: are there any benefits?PubMed 33215831 DOI 10.1111/imj.15052
506	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review.PubMed 36149724 DOI 10.1089/can.2022.0122
507	THC studied for Sleep; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: sleep-related outcomes).	Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.PubMed 32603954 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101339
508	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
509	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
510	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
512	CBN studied for safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
544	CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns).	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).PubMed 37947792 DOI 10.1080/15502783.2023.2280113
571	CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.PubMed 42105814 DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118032
620	CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes).	It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
622	CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes).	Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.PubMed 42105814 DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118032
629	CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes).	Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms.PubMed 34569849 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0058
641	CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns).	The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
686	CBC studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
753	THCV studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, THC-interaction, or formulation-specific concerns).	Differences in Online Descriptions and Marketing of Derived Intoxicating Cannabis Products.PubMed 40131178 DOI 10.1080/02791072.2025.2484376
760	THCV modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms).	It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
796	THCV studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes).	It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
1083	2-AG studied for 2-AG biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: 2-AG biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Endocannabinoid hydrolases.PubMed 12432941 DOI 10.1016/s0090-6980(02
1119	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Endocannabinoid hydrolases.PubMed 12432941 DOI 10.1016/s0090-6980(02
1120	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with many bioactive substrates. Possible therapeutic implications.PubMed 11945157 DOI 10.2174/1381612023395655
1121	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family?PubMed 14691053 DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705608
1122	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Oleamide: a fatty acid amide signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system?PubMed 17445087 DOI 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00004.x
1123	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The palmitoylethanolamide and oleamide enigmas : are these two fatty acid amides cannabimimetic?PubMed 10469890
1124	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep.PubMed 18514375 DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.04.008
1125	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The sleep inducing factor oleamide is produced by mouse neuroblastoma cells.PubMed 9344854 DOI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7431
1126	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The enzymatic inactivation of the fatty acid amide class of signaling lipids.PubMed 12505696 DOI 10.1016/s0009-3084(02
1127	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Oleamide: an endogenous sleep-inducing lipid and prototypical member of a new class of biological signaling molecules.PubMed 10197045
1128	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Modification of 5-HT2 receptor mediated behaviour in the rat by oleamide and the role of cannabinoid receptors.PubMed 10221757 DOI 10.1016/s0028-3908(98
1129	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides.PubMed 8900284 DOI 10.1038/384083a0
1130	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The hypnotic actions of oleamide are blocked by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist.PubMed 10574567 DOI 10.1097/00001756-199910190-00021
1158	Virodhamine studied for virodhamine biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: virodhamine biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep.PubMed 18514375 DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.04.008
1202	Oleamide studied for oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms).	Cannabinoids and Sleep/Wake Control.PubMed 33537938 DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_6

2-AG
Adverse events
Anxiety-related outcomes
Appetite and metabolic outcomes
CBC
CBD
CBDA
CBDV
CBG
CBN
Cannabinoids
Daytime fatigue
Delta-8 THC
Dependence and withdrawal
NREM sleep
NREM-2 sleep
Nausea and vomiting
Nighttime awakenings
Oleamide
Overall sleep disturbance

References

Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from FictionPubMed 34468204 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0006
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep qualityPubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Melatonin and Three Formulations of Floraworks Proprietary TruCBN for Improving SleepPubMed 39204082 DOI 10.3390/ph17080977
Cannabinol for acute treatment of insomnia disorder in a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trialPubMed 41698831 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70284
A sleepy cannabis constituent: cannabinol and its active metabolite influence sleep architecture in ratsPubMed 39528623 DOI 10.1038/s41386-024-02018-7
Using Cannabis and CBD to Sleep: An Updated Review.PubMed 39612156 DOI 10.1007/s11920-024-01564-7
Cannabinol (CBN; 30 and 300 mg) effects on sleep and next-day function in insomnia disorder ('CUPID' study): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, three-arm, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 37612115 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071148
Cannabinoids, Insomnia, and Other Sleep Disorders.PubMed 35537535 DOI 10.1016/j.chest.2022.04.151
Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial.PubMed 38797087 DOI 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104073
It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.PubMed 32899626 DOI 10.3390/molecules25184036
Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies.PubMed 32825313 DOI 10.3390/brainsci10090572
Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug-Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use.PubMed 31288397 DOI 10.3390/jcm8070989
Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing.PubMed 38174873 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.10998
Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications.PubMed 35982439 DOI 10.1186/s12916-022-02459-1
Pharmacologic treatment of fibromyalgia: an update.PubMed 41142233 DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1651181
Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies.PubMed 37648266 DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-072348
Medical cannabis for treatment of insomnia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 42207928 DOI 10.1097/jxx.0000000000001289
Effectiveness of a Cannabinoids Supplement on Sleep and Mood in Adults With Subthreshold Insomnia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Pilot Trial.PubMed 39980821 DOI 10.1002/hsr2.70481
Effects of Cannabidiol on Locomotor Activity.PubMed 35629320 DOI 10.3390/life12050652
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).PubMed 37947792 DOI 10.1080/15502783.2023.2280113
The Safety and Comparative Effectiveness of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Formulations for the Improvement of Sleep: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.PubMed 37162192 DOI 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203221
A Phase-2 Open-Label Trial of Cannabidiol to Treat Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism in Children and Adolescents Without Intellectual Disability.PubMed 42204954 DOI 10.1177/10445463261452514
Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal.PubMed 34791767 DOI 10.1111/add.15743
The differential effects of medicinal cannabis on mental health: A systematic review.PubMed 40186931 DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102581
Allosteric modulation of glycine receptors.PubMed 21557733 DOI 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01471.x
Sampling glutamate and GABA with microdialysis: suggestions on how to get the dialysis membrane closer to the synapse.PubMed 15589342 DOI 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.04.039
Chemical Probes for Investigating the Endocannabinoid System.PubMed 39747798 DOI 10.1007/7854_2024_563
Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial.PubMed 26724101 DOI 10.1016/s1474-4422(15
Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial.PubMed 33536055 DOI 10.1186/s13229-021-00420-2
Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.PubMed 29768152 DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1714631
Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome.PubMed 28538134 DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1611618
Using Transformer-Based Topic Modeling to Examine Discussions of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol: Content Analysis.PubMed 38127427 DOI 10.2196/49469
Psychobehavioural and Cognitive Adverse Events of Anti-Seizure Medications for the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies.PubMed 36194365 DOI 10.1007/s40263-022-00955-9
Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.PubMed 29513392 DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd012182.pub2
Medicinal cannabis improves sleep in adults with insomnia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.PubMed 36539991 DOI 10.1111/jsr.13793
Effects of a cannabidiol/terpene formulation on sleep in individuals with insomnia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.PubMed 39167421 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.11324
The effect of nightly use of 150 mg cannabidiol on daytime neurocognitive performance in primary insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial.PubMed 39153080 DOI 10.1007/s00213-024-06674-x
The Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep.PubMed 35459406 DOI 10.1177/21501319221081277
Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.PubMed 40631525 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70124
Effectiveness of cannabinoids on subjective sleep quality in people with and without insomnia or poor sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies.PubMed 40929927 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102156
The efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PubMed 41856154 DOI 10.1016/s2215-0366(26
Should Oncologists Recommend Cannabis?PubMed 31161270 DOI 10.1007/s11864-019-0659-9
Cannabis dosing and administration for sleep: a systematic review.PubMed 36107800 DOI 10.1093/sleep/zsac218
Evaluating possible 'next day' impairment in insomnia patients administered an oral medicinal cannabis product by night: a pilot randomized controlled trial.PubMed 38758300 DOI 10.1007/s00213-024-06595-9
Treatment of Dravet Syndrome.PubMed 27264138 DOI 10.1017/cjn.2016.249
Management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome beyond childhood: A comprehensive review.PubMed 33243685 DOI 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107612
Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain.PubMed 37283486 DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd014915.pub2
Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine.PubMed 29400010 DOI 10.1002/jcsm.12273
Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder ('CANSLEEP' trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial.PubMed 32430450 DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034421
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Insomnia Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.PubMed 33244728 DOI 10.1007/s40263-020-00773-x
Cannabis: are there any benefits?PubMed 33215831 DOI 10.1111/imj.15052
Use of Cannabidiol in the Management of Insomnia: A Systematic Review.PubMed 36149724 DOI 10.1089/can.2022.0122
Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.PubMed 32603954 DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101339
Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.PubMed 42105814 DOI 10.1016/j.bcp.2026.118032
Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms.PubMed 34569849 DOI 10.1089/can.2021.0058
Differences in Online Descriptions and Marketing of Derived Intoxicating Cannabis Products.PubMed 40131178 DOI 10.1080/02791072.2025.2484376
Endocannabinoid hydrolases.PubMed 12432941 DOI 10.1016/s0090-6980(02
Fatty acid amide hydrolase, an enzyme with many bioactive substrates. Possible therapeutic implications.PubMed 11945157 DOI 10.2174/1381612023395655
Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family?PubMed 14691053 DOI 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705608
Oleamide: a fatty acid amide signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system?PubMed 17445087 DOI 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00004.x
The palmitoylethanolamide and oleamide enigmas : are these two fatty acid amides cannabimimetic?PubMed 10469890
The role of the CB1 receptor in the regulation of sleep.PubMed 18514375 DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.04.008
The sleep inducing factor oleamide is produced by mouse neuroblastoma cells.PubMed 9344854 DOI 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7431
The enzymatic inactivation of the fatty acid amide class of signaling lipids.PubMed 12505696 DOI 10.1016/s0009-3084(02
Oleamide: an endogenous sleep-inducing lipid and prototypical member of a new class of biological signaling molecules.PubMed 10197045
Modification of 5-HT2 receptor mediated behaviour in the rat by oleamide and the role of cannabinoid receptors.PubMed 10221757 DOI 10.1016/s0028-3908(98
Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides.PubMed 8900284 DOI 10.1038/384083a0
The hypnotic actions of oleamide are blocked by a cannabinoid receptor antagonist.PubMed 10574567 DOI 10.1097/00001756-199910190-00021
Cannabinoids and Sleep/Wake Control.PubMed 33537938 DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_6

Sleep has research behind it, but the bucket matters.

What the Sleep research is usually about

oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms

Sleep

Sleep

Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

Sleep

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

Evidence buckets before the source table

Keep reading around this topic

Read safety context beside the research guide.

Sleep Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Start with the research question

Where this page has the most source density

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

oleamide biology, sleep-related physiology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, or safety-relevant mechanisms

Sleep

Sleep

Safety, risk, adverse events, and formulation concerns

Sleep

safety, tolerability, sedation, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns

Anxiety-related outcomes

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

What this does and does not mean

How to use the source table

Source-reading checklist for Sleep

Sleep source-by-source reading notes

Source-backed evidence table and references

Plain-Language Summary

Identity

Evidence Snapshot

Key Draft Sections

Compounds Studied With This Outcome

Source-Backed Evidence Table

Related Pages

References