Safety Reading Notes
Read safety context beside the research guide.
The PPAR-alpha source set includes safety-context rows around OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 18426507
Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (8), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)
PubMed For Dummies Article
PPAR-alpha Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through
- PPAR-alpha currently has 42 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 18426507
- The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (28), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), and preclinical (1). PMID 31897571
- The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (25), Animal study (10), Cellular or in vitro study (5), and other mapped categories (2). PMID 31325449
- The repeated topics are OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safet... (11), PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mech... (11), GPR119 (6), Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics (4), and other mapped categories (10), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 35176443
Start with the research question
PPAR-alpha is built from 42 source-backed evidence row(s) and 34 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (28), mechanistic or pharmacological (13), and preclinical (1), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (25), Animal study (10), Cellular or in vitro study (5), and other mapped categories (2). PMID 18426507
The row-level question is not simply whether PPAR-alpha is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safet... (11), PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mech... (11), GPR119 (6), Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics (4), and other mapped categories (10). PMID 35176443
Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 19833407
Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 17704824
Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 24677570
Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 42352060
The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 35628241
Where this page has the most source density
The largest bucket surfaced for this page is OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 18426507
Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 35176443
Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling
OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 11 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 18426507
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 1092
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narr... PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 1104
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor... PMID 42068417
PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 11 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 35176443
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 35176443
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Evidence row 1106
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or pati... PMID 35176443
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Evidence row 1118
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or pati... PMID 28336953
GPR119
PPAR-alpha appears in rows about GPR119 mechanisms. It currently draws from 4 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 18426507
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 963
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signa... PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 970
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 30537148
LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 3 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 24677570
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 24677570
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Evidence row 1172
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome meas... PMID 24677570
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Evidence row 1178
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: LEA bi... PMID 18316044
Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 31325449
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 31325449
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Evidence row 202
Endocannabinoids studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design... PMID 31325449
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Evidence row 295
Endocannabinoids studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or exp... PMID 24677570
Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 19833407
Read this bucket as an uncertainty marker. The source trail exists, but the current evidence posture is not strong enough for a broad plain-English conclusion. PMID 19833407
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Evidence row 293
THC studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; o... PMID 19833407
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Evidence row 294
THC studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; o... PMID 17704824
GPR119
PPAR-alpha appears in rows about GPR119 mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 19413995
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 19413995
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Evidence row 964
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19413995
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Evidence row 965
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiolo... PMID 20353771
anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms
PPAR-alpha appears in rows studying anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 1 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 36150527
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 36150527
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Evidence row 1063
Anandamide studied for anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anandamide biolog... PMID 36150527
Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes
This page currently separates human evidence (0 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (13 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (2 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 18426507
Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 35176443
What this does and does not mean
- It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 19413995
- It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 20353771
- It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 19285259
How to use the source table
The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 18426507
This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 35176443
Source-reading checklist for PPAR-alpha
- Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 42144898
- Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 30537148
- Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 36150527
- Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 23567058
- Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 17449181
Source Notes
PPAR-alpha source-by-source reading notes
These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.
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Evidence row 130
CBDA studied for nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: nausea-related or inflammation-related outcomes). PMID 31897571
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Effect of combined doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats. -
Evidence row 202
Endocannabinoids studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics). PMID 31325449
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds modulate hypoxia-induced permeability in CaCo-2 cells via CB1, TRPV1, and PPARα. -
Evidence row 270
PEA studied for Cannabinoids and immune modulation research outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: Cannabinoids and immune modulation research outcomes). PMID 35176443
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice. -
Evidence row 293
THC studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics). PMID 19833407
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoid activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential for modulation of inflammatory disease. -
Evidence row 294
THC studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics). PMID 17704824
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. -
Evidence row 295
Endocannabinoids studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics). PMID 24677570
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. -
Evidence row 558
CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42352060
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabichromene Induce Lung Cancer Cell Death and Apoptosis-Contribution of PPARα to Cannabigerol Effects. -
Evidence row 648
CBC studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42352060
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabichromene Induce Lung Cancer Cell Death and Apoptosis-Contribution of PPARα to Cannabigerol Effects. -
Evidence row 711
CBC studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, antimicrobial, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 35628241
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Effects of Rare Phytocannabinoids on the Endocannabinoid System of Human Keratinocytes. -
Evidence row 963
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 18426507
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoids and nutrition. -
Evidence row 964
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19413995
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: N-acylethanolamines, anandamide and food intake. -
Evidence row 965
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 20353771
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners. Proposed role in the diseased brain. -
Evidence row 966
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19285259
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. -
Evidence row 969
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 42144898
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the endocannabinoid system in obesity: Mechanistic insights and pharmacological opportunities beyond incretin-based therapies. -
Evidence row 970
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 30537148
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleoylethanolamide: A novel pharmaceutical agent in the management of obesity-an updated review. -
Evidence row 1063
Anandamide studied for anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 36150527
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. -
Evidence row 1092
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 18426507
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoids and nutrition. -
Evidence row 1093
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 19413995
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: N-acylethanolamines, anandamide and food intake. -
Evidence row 1094
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 19285259
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. -
Evidence row 1095
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 30537148
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleoylethanolamide: A novel pharmaceutical agent in the management of obesity-an updated review. -
Evidence row 1096
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 23567058
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: A fatty gut feeling. -
Evidence row 1097
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 17449181
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Analgesic properties of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in visceral and inflammatory pain. -
Evidence row 1098
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 15770421
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Regulation of food intake by oleoylethanolamide. -
Evidence row 1100
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 23464987
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Brain molecules and appetite: the case of oleoylethanolamide. -
Evidence row 1101
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 29936173
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: The OEA effect on food intake is independent from the presence of PPARα in the intestine and the nodose ganglion, while the impact of OEA on energy expenditure requires the presence of PPARα in mice. -
Evidence row 1103
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 30702457
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Oea Signaling Pathways and the Metabolic Benefits of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy. -
Evidence row 1104
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 42068417
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Regulation of Cholesterol and Triglyceride Metabolism by Fatty acid Ethanolamides. -
Evidence row 1106
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 35176443
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide dampens neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in obese mice. -
Evidence row 1107
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 39714723
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Mechanisms and clinical applications of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) in the treatment of neuropathic pain. -
Evidence row 1108
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 15963531
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The search for the palmitoylethanolamide receptor. -
Evidence row 1109
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 40563990
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide: A Multifunctional Molecule for Neuroprotection, Chronic Pain, and Immune Modulation. -
Evidence row 1110
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 41709243
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Probiotics and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) for osteoarthritic pain: individual effects in a multiple baseline design study. -
Evidence row 1113
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 25463999
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Protective effect of palmitoylethanolamide in a rat model of cystitis. -
Evidence row 1114
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 33919499
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide and Its Biobehavioral Correlates in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Human and Animal Evidence. -
Evidence row 1115
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 24602801
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Targeting inflammation: new therapeutic approaches in chronic kidney disease (CKD). -
Evidence row 1116
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 22697514
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide is a new possible pharmacological treatment for the inflammation associated with trauma. -
Evidence row 1117
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 27720681
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide reduces inflammation and itch in a mouse model of contact allergic dermatitis. -
Evidence row 1118
PEA studied for PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: PEA biology, receptor or target pharmacology, inflammation, pain-related mechanisms, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 28336953
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide induces microglia changes associated with increased migration and phagocytic activity: involvement of the CB2 receptor. -
Evidence row 1172
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 24677570
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. -
Evidence row 1174
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 24681513
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Role of anorectic N-acylethanolamines in intestinal physiology and satiety control with respect to dietary fat. -
Evidence row 1178
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 18316044
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Influence of dietary fatty acids on endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain, liver and small intestine. -
Evidence row 1186
SEA studied for SEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: SEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 20353771
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners. Proposed role in the diseased brain.