Cannabinoid guide
What is CBD?
CBD, or cannabidiol, is a cannabinoid studied across human, animal, and laboratory research. This guide separates established uses, early signals, null findings, and safety evidence.
The short answer
CBD, in simple terms
CBD, short for cannabidiol, is a cannabinoid found in cannabis and hemp. It does not cause the same intoxicating high as THC. Researchers study it for possible effects, safety, and how it works in the body. The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. The evidence does not turn this into one proven benefit, because studies can use different products, doses, routes, people, and outcomes. 1
Why people look into CBD
What CBD is commonly talked about for
These cards show the questions most represented in this source set. They are not a list of proven benefits, and the evidence label matters as much as the topic name.
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Human and early-stage research
Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism
This is part of the biological explanation for why CBD may have effects in cells or models. Mechanism research does not by itself show a health benefit in people. source
See research areas -
Human research included
Anxiety-related outcomes
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with Anxiety-related outcomes. The source details determine whether that is a human finding, an early model, or an open question. source
See research areas -
Mostly mechanism-focused
GPR18
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with GPR18. The source details determine whether that is a human finding, an early model, or an open question. source
See research areas -
Mostly mechanism-focused
GPR55
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with GPR55. The source details determine whether that is a human finding, an early model, or an open question. 1
See research areas -
Mostly mechanism-focused
Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes
Safety research asks how CBD, its dose, route, formulation, and other medications may change risk. The available evidence may not answer the safety question for every product or person. source
See research areas
Bottom line: Start with the exact question you care about, then check the study type, product, dose, and outcome before treating a research signal as a real-world effect.
Key takeaways
What to know first
- 1
Research on CBD covers Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism, Anxiety-related outcomes, and Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes; those areas should not be combined into one claim. 1
- 2
The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 2
- 3
Dose, formulation, route, study population, and outcome can change how closely a study applies to a real-world question. 3
Research areas
What has CBD been studied for?
These are the main questions represented in the current literature. Each link opens a source used to build the overview.
Human and early-stage research
Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism
Studies connect CBD with Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism at the level of receptors, enzymes, signaling, or pharmacology. This helps explain how the biology might work, but it does not prove a health outcome.
Human research included
Anxiety-related outcomes
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with Anxiety-related outcomes. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome.
Mostly mechanism-focused
Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome.
Mostly mechanism-focused
GPR18
Studies connect CBD with GPR18 at the level of receptors, enzymes, signaling, or pharmacology. This helps explain how the biology might work, but it does not prove a health outcome.
Mostly mechanism-focused
GPR55
Studies connect CBD with GPR55 at the level of receptors, enzymes, signaling, or pharmacology. This helps explain how the biology might work, but it does not prove a health outcome. 1
Human research included
Adverse-event frequency
Researchers have examined CBD in connection with Adverse-event frequency. The studies may differ in compound, formulation, dose, route, population, and outcome. 10
Explore possible benefits
What do people want CBD to help with?
Start with the questions that matter to you. These areas are ordered by how much research is represented in this source set, not by a promise that CBD will help.
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01 Most researched hereExplore the evidence
45 source-linked records
Seizure-related outcomes
The largest CBD research area in this source set asks about seizure frequency, seizure type, dose, and CBD used with existing treatment.
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02 Research depth rank 2Explore the evidence
29 source-linked records
Sleep-related outcomes
Sleep is not one outcome. Research can separately measure falling asleep, staying asleep, total sleep, sleep quality, and the next day.
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03 Research depth rank 3Explore the evidence
15 source-linked records
Anxiety-related outcomes
Anxiety research ranges from short-term situational anxiety to ongoing symptom scores, functioning, and studies without a placebo group.
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04 Research depth rank 4Explore the evidence
15 source-linked records
Pain-related outcomes
Pain studies ask different questions about nerve pain, pain intensity, topical products, oral CBD, and mixed cannabinoid formulations.
More research does not always mean a more positive result. Open an area to see what improved, what did not, which formulation was tested, and how closely the study matches your question.
Results extracted so far
What did the studies report?
These summaries appear only when the recorded study outcome is specific enough to reproduce from the linked source. If a source has no result summary here, the result has not been extracted yet; that does not mean the study found no effect.
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In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled multi-arm trial involving 293 adults with self-rated poor or very poor sleep quality, researchers did not detect a difference in augmentation of cbn sleep effects following 20 mg CBN with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 100 mg CBD nightly by the not stated in the PubMed abstract route over 7 nights. The recorded comparator was 20 mg CBN alone and placebo. 2
Recorded result: Adding CBD did not positively augment the CBN treatment effects.
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In a phase 1 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation and food-effect trial involving healthy adult volunteers; 12 participants in the food-effect arm, researchers reported an increase in maximum plasma CBD concentration after a high-fat meal following 1500 mg once in the food-effect arm by the oral route over single-dose food-effect assessment. The recorded comparator was fasted administration. 3
Recorded result: A high-fat meal increased CBD Cmax 4.85-fold.
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In a phase 1 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation and food-effect trial involving healthy adult volunteers; 12 participants in the food-effect arm, researchers reported an increase in total plasma CBD exposure after a high-fat meal following 1500 mg once in the food-effect arm by the oral route over single-dose food-effect assessment. The recorded comparator was fasted administration. 3
Recorded result: A high-fat meal increased CBD AUCt 4.2-fold.
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In a phase 1 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation and food-effect trial involving healthy adult volunteers; 12 participants in the food-effect arm, researchers did not detect a difference in time to maximum plasma cbd concentration after a high-fat meal following 1500 mg once in the food-effect arm by the oral route over single-dose food-effect assessment. The recorded comparator was fasted administration. 3
Recorded result: The abstract reports no food effect on tmax.
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In a phase 1 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalation and food-effect trial involving healthy adult volunteers; 12 participants in the food-effect arm, researchers did not detect a difference in terminal cbd half-life after a high-fat meal following 1500 mg once in the food-effect arm by the oral route over single-dose food-effect assessment. The recorded comparator was fasted administration. 3
Recorded result: The abstract reports no food effect on terminal half-life.
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In a systematic literature review with narrative synthesis involving 57 studies, 37 DEEs or complex treatment-resistant epilepsies, and 971 patients, researchers reported a decrease in seizure frequency in DEEs and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies beyond established indications following varied across included studies by the oral route over varied across included studies. The recorded comparator was varied; most evidence was uncontrolled. 4
Recorded result: Forty-seven studies reported seizure reduction in at least one patient; reported thresholds and reductions varied widely.
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In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial involving 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder, researchers reported a decrease in total sleep time after an acute THC-CBD dose following 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once by the oral route over single study night. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5
Recorded result: Total sleep time decreased by 24.5 minutes (P=.05; d=-.5).
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In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial involving 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder, researchers did not detect a difference in subjective sleep quality after an acute thc-cbd dose following 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once by the oral route over single study night. The recorded comparator was placebo. 5
Recorded result: No change in subjective sleep quality was detected.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported a decrease in TSC-associated seizure frequency following 25 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Reduction from baseline 48.6% with 25 mg/kg/day and 26.5% with placebo; reduction from placebo 30.1% (95% CI 13.9%-43.3%; P<0.001).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported a decrease in TSC-associated seizure frequency following 50 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Reduction from baseline 47.5% with 50 mg/kg/day and 26.5% with placebo; reduction from placebo 28.5% (95% CI 11.9%-42.0%; nominal P=0.002).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in diarrhea frequency following 25 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Diarrhea occurred in 31% with 25 mg/kg/day and 25% with placebo.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in diarrhea frequency following 50 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Diarrhea occurred in 56% with 50 mg/kg/day and 25% with placebo.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in somnolence frequency following 25 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Somnolence occurred in 13% with 25 mg/kg/day and 9% with placebo.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in somnolence frequency following 50 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Somnolence occurred in 26% with 50 mg/kg/day and 9% with placebo.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in treatment discontinuation due to adverse events following 25 or 50 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Eight patients in the 25 mg/kg/day group, 10 in the 50 mg/kg/day group, and two in the placebo group discontinued because of adverse events.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 224 patients aged 1-65 with tuberous sclerosis complex and medication-resistant epilepsy, researchers reported an increase in elevated liver transaminase frequency following 25 or 50 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 16 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 6
Recorded result: Elevated liver transaminases occurred in 18.9% of CBD-treated patients and no placebo-treated patients.
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In a randomized placebo-controlled four-way crossover experimental trial involving 20 adults with fibromyalgia and chronic pain, researchers did not detect a difference in spontaneous pain response after cbd-dominant cannabis following 18.4 mg CBD and less than 1 mg THC once by the vapor inhalation route over 3-hour laboratory assessment after one inhalation. The recorded comparator was cannabinoid-free placebo cannabis. 7
Recorded result: No treatment, including the CBD-dominant variety, produced a greater effect than placebo on spontaneous pain.
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In a randomized placebo-controlled four-way crossover experimental trial involving 20 adults with fibromyalgia and chronic pain, researchers did not detect a difference in electrical pain response after cbd-dominant cannabis following 18.4 mg CBD and less than 1 mg THC once by the vapor inhalation route over 3-hour laboratory assessment after one inhalation. The recorded comparator was cannabinoid-free placebo cannabis. 7
Recorded result: No treatment, including the CBD-dominant variety, produced a greater effect than placebo on electrical pain.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in insomnia severity following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in self-reported sleep-onset latency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in self-reported sleep efficiency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers did not detect a difference in wake after sleep onset following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: No between-treatment difference was detected throughout the trial (P>0.05).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers reported an increase in well-being score following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: Trial-end mean difference 2.60 (standard error 1.20; P<0.05).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel pilot trial involving 30 adults with primary moderate-to-severe insomnia, researchers reported an increase in objective sleep efficiency following 150 mg nightly by the sublingual route over 2 weeks. The recorded comparator was placebo. 8
Recorded result: Mean difference 6.85 (standard error 2.95; P<0.05).
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In a phase 2 randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 50 women with advanced breast cancer and baseline clinical anxiety, researchers did not detect a difference in pre-to-post scan-related anxiety change score following 400 mg once by the oral route over single dose with assessment 2 to 4 hours later. The recorded comparator was placebo. 9
Recorded result: Mean change was -19.1 (SD 15.4) with CBD and -15.0 (SD 10.9) with placebo; P=0.37.
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In a phase 2 randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 50 women with advanced breast cancer and baseline clinical anxiety, researchers reported a decrease in scan-related anxiety level 2 to 4 hours after dosing following 400 mg once by the oral route over single dose with assessment 2 to 4 hours later. The recorded comparator was placebo. 9
Recorded result: Mean T-score was 51.5 (SD 12.8) with CBD and 58.0 (SD 11.6) with placebo; P=0.02.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial involving 171 patients aged 2-55 with treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, researchers reported a decrease in monthly drop-seizure frequency following 20 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 14 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 10
Recorded result: Median reduction 43.9% with CBD and 21.8% with placebo; estimated median difference -17.21 (95% CI -30.32 to -4.09; P=0.0135).
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial involving 171 patients aged 2-55 with treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, researchers reported an increase in adverse-event frequency following 20 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 14 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 10
Recorded result: Adverse events occurred in 86% of the CBD group and 69% of the placebo group.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trial involving 171 patients aged 2-55 with treatment-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, researchers reported an increase in withdrawal due to adverse events following 20 mg/kg/day by the oral route over 14 weeks. The recorded comparator was matched placebo. 10
Recorded result: Withdrawal due to adverse events occurred in 14% of the CBD group and 1% of the placebo group.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled four-arm trial involving 57 healthy male volunteers, researchers reported a decrease in public-speaking anxiety after 300 mg CBD in healthy volunteers following 300 mg once by the oral route over single dose before a simulated public-speaking test. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11
Recorded result: The 300 mg group had significantly lower speech-related anxiety than placebo; the abstract provides no effect estimate or P value.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled four-arm trial involving 57 healthy male volunteers, researchers did not detect a difference in public-speaking anxiety after 150 mg or 600 mg cbd in healthy volunteers following 150 mg or 600 mg once by the oral route over single dose before a simulated public-speaking test. The recorded comparator was placebo. 11
Recorded result: Neither 150 mg nor 600 mg differed significantly from placebo on VAMS anxiety scores.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel trial involving 24 treatment-naive patients with social anxiety disorder plus 12 untreated healthy controls, researchers reported a decrease in public-speaking anxiety in treatment-naive social anxiety disorder following 600 mg once by the oral route over single dose 90 minutes before a simulated public-speaking test. The recorded comparator was placebo; untreated healthy-control reference group. 12
Recorded result: CBD significantly reduced speech-related anxiety; the abstract provides no effect estimate or P value.
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In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel trial involving 24 treatment-naive patients with social anxiety disorder plus 12 untreated healthy controls, researchers reported a decrease in public-speaking cognitive impairment and discomfort in social anxiety disorder following 600 mg once by the oral route over single dose 90 minutes before a simulated public-speaking test. The recorded comparator was placebo; untreated healthy-control reference group. 12
Recorded result: CBD significantly reduced cognitive impairment and discomfort during speech performance; numerical estimates were not reported in the abstract.
How strong is the research?
Not every study answers the same question
This page separates research in people, research reviews, and earlier-stage biology before interpreting the larger question.
Human studies
Research involving people is closest to everyday health questions. The product, dose, population, and outcome still determine what each study can show.
Reviews and evidence summaries
Reviews can compare several studies at once. Their conclusion is only as strong and as relevant as the studies they include.
Lab, animal, and mechanism research
Early-stage research can explain biological interest. It cannot, by itself, show that the same effect happens in people.
Another 7 of 180 research sources could not be placed cleanly into those three groups from the recorded study details.
What these studies actually looked at
The research on CBD is not one kind of study. This source set includes 48 clinical studies in people, 37 narrative or expert reviews, 25 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, and 21 animal studies. 3
The recorded populations or models include people or patients (96 sources), pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context (23 sources), and animal models (12 sources). A result from one group or model should not be assumed to apply to another. 4
The most common recorded outcome focus is seizure-related outcomes (27 sources), pain-related outcomes (15 sources), and endocannabinoid enzyme activity or metabolic mechanisms (12 sources). Closely related outcome names can still describe different measurements. 5
Some source records specify doses including not stated in the PubMed abstract (13 sources), 20 mg or kg or day (4 sources), and 300 mg once (4 sources). These are descriptions of what researchers tested, not personal dosing instructions. 6
The CBD source set also contains findings or reviews that remain too limited, indirect, or mixed for a broad answer. That uncertainty is part of the result, not an empty space to fill with assumptions. 7
Examples from the literature
What did the studies actually look at?
Each example names the research question and the study details recorded for that source.
narrative or expert review
A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD).
On this page, this source examines CBD activity involving GPR55. 1
- Study type
- narrative or expert review
- Population or model
- people or patients
- Outcome focus
- gPR55 receptor activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology
- Evidence stage
- evidence still limited
clinical study in people
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality
On this page, this source examines CBD and augmentation of CBN sleep effects. 2
- Study type
- clinical study in people
- Population or model
- 293 adults with self-rated poor or very poor sleep quality
- Outcome focus
- sleep quality and disturbance outcomes
- Dose recorded
- 20 mg CBN with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 100 mg CBD nightly
- Evidence stage
- human research
clinical study in people
A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects.
On this page, this source examines CBD interacts with drug or class drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes, CBD and safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns, and CBD and maximum plasma CBD concentration after a high-fat meal and other related questions. 3
- Study type
- clinical study in people
- Population or model
- people or patients and healthy adult volunteers
- Outcome focus
- drug-interaction or safety-relevant outcomes and safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns and other recorded details
- Dose recorded
- 1500 mg once in the food-effect arm
- Evidence stage
- mechanism-focused research and evidence still limited and other recorded details
narrative or expert review
A systematic review of highly purified cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies: Changes in seizure frequency and adverse events.
On this page, this source examines CBD and seizure frequency in DEEs and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies beyond established indications. 4
- Study type
- narrative or expert review
- Population or model
- people or patients
- Outcome focus
- seizure frequency in DEEs and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies beyond established indications
- Dose recorded
- varied across included studies
- Evidence stage
- systematic review
clinical study in people
Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.
On this page, this source examines CBD and sleep, CBD and total sleep time after an acute THC-CBD dose, and CBD and subjective sleep quality after an acute THC-CBD dose. 5
- Study type
- clinical study in people
- Population or model
- people or patients and 20 adults with DSM-5 insomnia disorder
- Outcome focus
- sleep-related outcomes and high-density EEG total sleep time and other recorded details
- Dose recorded
- 10 mg THC and 200 mg CBD once
- Evidence stage
- human research
Safety and limits
What should readers keep in mind?
Research on CBD should be read beside safety. A compound can be non-intoxicating or naturally occurring and still have pharmacologic effects, side effects, interactions, or product-quality concerns.
Research doses are descriptions of what a study tested. They are not personal dosing instructions. Questions involving medications, pregnancy, children, driving, liver health, heart health, or serious symptoms deserve professional medical guidance.
Common questions
Questions people ask
What is CBD?
CBD is a cannabinoid-related compound studied across Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism, Anxiety-related outcomes, Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes, and GPR18. This page separates those research questions so they are not mistaken for one broad claim. 7
What has CBD been studied for?
The current source set includes Endocannabinoid enzymes and metabolism, Anxiety-related outcomes, Drug-interaction mechanisms or safety-relevant outcomes, and GPR18. Each area may use different doses, products, routes, populations, and outcome measures. 8
How strong is the research on CBD?
The source set includes human research as well as earlier-stage studies. 9
Is CBD safe?
Safety cannot be answered for CBD without context. Dose, route, formulation, medications, and the person using it can all change risk. 10
Sources
Read the research
The numbered sources below support the main overview. Links open the PubMed record or DOI in a new tab.
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1
A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD). narrative or expert review; evidence still limited PubMed 35083862 DOI 10.1111/bcpt.13710
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2
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and effects of CBN with and without CBD on sleep quality clinical study in people; human research PubMed 37796540 DOI 10.1037/pha0000682
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3
A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. clinical study in people; mechanism-focused research; evidence still limited PubMed 30374683 DOI 10.1007/s40263-018-0578-5
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4
A systematic review of highly purified cannabidiol in developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and complex treatment-resistant epilepsies: Changes in seizure frequency and adverse events. narrative or expert review; systematic review PubMed 41558068 DOI 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2026.107731
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5
Acute Effects of Oral Cannabinoids on Sleep and High-Density EEG in Insomnia: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 40631525 DOI 10.1111/jsr.70124
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6
Add-on Cannabidiol Treatment for Drug-Resistant Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 33346789 DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4607
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7
An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. clinical study in people; mechanism-focused research; human research PubMed 30585986 DOI 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001464
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8
Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 38174873 DOI 10.5664/jcsm.10998
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9
Cannabidiol for Scan-Related Anxiety in Women With Advanced Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 39680411 DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50391
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10
Cannabidiol in patients with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (GWPCARE4): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 29395273 DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(18
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11
Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 30328956 DOI 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0015
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12
Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. clinical study in people; human research PubMed 21307846 DOI 10.1038/npp.2011.6
See all 180 research sources
This complete source list is the deeper research layer for the page. Study type and evidence context are shown when they are available in the current record.
- Clinical efficacy and safety of cannabidiol for pediatric refractory epilepsy indications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 3 linked research notes PubMed 36206805
- Cannabidiol's impact on drug-metabolization. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 37541924
- A Practical Guide to the Treatment of Dravet Syndrome with Anti-Seizure Medication. evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35156171
- Evaluation of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of nanodispersible cannabidiol oral solution (150 mg/mL) versus placebo in mild to moderate anxiety subjects: A double blind multicenter randomized clinical trial. clinical study in people; human research / 3 linked research notes PubMed 38797087
- Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in children with autism spectrum disorder: randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 35617670
- Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 33424664
- A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. clinical study in people; mechanism-focused research; evidence still limited / 6 linked research notes PubMed 30374683
- Memantine for autism spectrum disorder. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 36006807
- Consensus panel recommendations for the optimization of EPIDIOLEX® treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39007525
- Antiseizure medications for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Comprehensive review and proposed consensus treatment algorithm. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 39854828
- Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug-Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 31288397
- Clinical implications of trials investigating drug-drug interactions between cannabidiol and enzyme inducers or inhibitors or common antiseizure drugs. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 32918835
- Cannabidiol for moderate-severe insomnia: a randomized controlled pilot trial of 150 mg of nightly dosing. clinical study in people; human research / 8 linked research notes PubMed 38174873
- Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: A Review. narrative or expert review; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 41296368
- Cannabidiol for Scan-Related Anxiety in Women With Advanced Breast Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 3 linked research notes PubMed 39680411
- Effect of Preoperative Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract on Anxiety and Postoperative Pain after Endodontic Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 3 linked research notes PubMed 39505200
- Medical cannabinoids: a pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 1 linked research note PubMed 35982439
- Oral Cannabis Extract for Secondary Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Final Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II/III Trial. clinical study in people; human research / 1 linked research note PubMed 39151115
- Cannabidiol for Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders in Young People: An Open-Label Trial. clinical study in people; open-label add-on trial; human research / 5 linked research notes PubMed 35921510
- Balancing risks and benefits of cannabis use: umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 4 linked research notes PubMed 37648266
- Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. clinical study in people; open-label expanded-access trial; human research / 4 linked research notes PubMed 26724101
- Highly Purified Cannabidiol for Epilepsy Treatment: A Systematic Review of Epileptic Conditions Beyond Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. systematic review or meta-analysis; evidence still limited / 2 linked research notes PubMed 33754312
- Oral Consumption of Cannabidiol During Pregnancy Alters Behavior in Mouse Offspring. animal study; preclinical research / 1 linked research note PubMed 41840986
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