Safety Reading Notes

Read safety context beside the research guide.

The CBG source set includes safety-context rows around Safety, tolerability, adverse events, impairment, toxicity, and formulation concerns. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 39598860

Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (11), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preclinical (1), preliminary human (2)

PubMed For Dummies Article

CBG Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through

Quick read
  • CBG currently has 123 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 39598860
  • The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (53), mechanistic or pharmacological (45), preclinical (17), and preliminary human (8). PMID 21749363
  • The study-design language most visible in the row language is Animal study (44), Narrative or expert review (33), Cellular or in vitro study (22), and other mapped categories (16). PMID 39322049
  • The repeated topics are safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-spe... (22), Inflammation-related outcomes (22), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (21), Appetite and metabolic outcomes (16), and other mapped categories (42), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 33998900

Start with the research question

CBG is built from 123 source-backed evidence row(s) and 96 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (53), mechanistic or pharmacological (45), preclinical (17), and preliminary human (8), and the study-design language most often reads as Animal study (44), Narrative or expert review (33), Cellular or in vitro study (22), and other mapped categories (16). PMID 39598860

The row-level question is not simply whether CBG is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-spe... (22), Inflammation-related outcomes (22), receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms (21), Appetite and metabolic outcomes (16), and other mapped categories (42). PMID 39598860

Human evidence 3 rows

Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 35994012

Preclinical evidence 15 rows

Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 34577072

Mechanistic evidence 34 rows

Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 37824417

Limits and uncertainty 88 rows

Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 35910331

The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 31899693

Where this page has the most source density

The largest bucket surfaced for this page is Inflammation-related outcomes. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is Safety, tolerability, adverse events, impairment, toxicity, and formulation concerns, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 39598860

Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 39598860

Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling

Inflammation-related outcomes

22 research sources 22 rows (584-605) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (7), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preclinical (7)

CBG appears in rows studying Inflammation-related outcomes. It currently draws from 22 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 584

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immu... PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 605

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 32996187

Safety, tolerability, adverse events, impairment, toxicity, and formulation concerns

22 research sources 22 rows (541-562) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (11), mechanistic or pharmacological (8), preclinical (1), preliminary human (2)

CBG appears in rows studying Safety, tolerability, adverse events, impairment, toxicity, and formulation concerns. It currently draws from 22 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 541

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative o... PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 562

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerabil... PMID 35246858

Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms

21 research sources 21 rows (563-583) Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (13), mechanistic or pharmacological (8)

CBG appears in rows about Receptor, target, metabolic, and pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 21 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 563

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: rece... PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 583

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target,... PMID 41435878

Appetite and metabolic outcomes

16 research sources 16 rows (620-635) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (5), mechanistic or pharmacological (5), preclinical (4), preliminary human (2)

CBG appears in rows studying Appetite and metabolic outcomes. It currently draws from 16 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 32899626

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 620

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight,... PMID 32899626

  • Evidence row 635

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39192735

Skin and inflammatory dermatology

14 research sources 14 rows (606-619) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (3), mechanistic or pharmacological (9), preclinical (1), preliminary human (1)

CBG appears in rows studying Skin and inflammatory dermatology. It currently draws from 14 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39596290

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39596290

  • Evidence row 606

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, derm... PMID 39596290

  • Evidence row 619

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin,... PMID 27094344

Safety, adverse events, impairment, and formulation concerns

13 research sources 13 rows (157-174) Developed but mixed human research summary: insufficient (6), mechanistic or pharmacological (3), preclinical (1), preliminary human (3)

CBG appears in rows studying Safety, adverse events, impairment, and formulation concerns. It currently draws from 13 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39596290

Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 39596290

  • Evidence row 157

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro... PMID 39596290

  • Evidence row 174

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event,... PMID 36916438

Pain-related outcomes

11 research sources 11 rows (31-540) Mechanistic and preclinical research summary: insufficient (7), mechanistic or pharmacological (1), preclinical (3)

CBG appears in rows studying Pain-related outcomes. It currently draws from 11 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 39598860

Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 31

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39598860

  • Evidence row 540

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

TRPM8

3 research sources 3 rows (1051-1062) Mechanistic research summary: mechanistic or pharmacological (3)

CBG appears in rows about TRPM8 mechanisms. It currently draws from 3 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 25269802

Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 25269802

  • Evidence row 1051

    CBG modulates TRPM8; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRPM8 channel activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 25269802

  • Evidence row 1062

    CBG modulates TRPM8; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: TRPM8 channel activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 30077611

Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes

This page currently separates human evidence (3 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (34 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (35 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 39598860

Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 39598860

What this does and does not mean

  • It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 41545891
  • It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 39596290
  • It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 11152013

How to use the source table

The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 39598860

This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 39598860

Source-reading checklist for CBG

  1. Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 37947792
  2. Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 40206058
  3. Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 42163693
  4. Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 38496308
  5. Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 42057192

Source Notes

CBG source-by-source reading notes

These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.

  1. Evidence row 31

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  2. Evidence row 32

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  3. Evidence row 33

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 39322049

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally administered Cannabigerol (CBG) in rats: Cannabimimetic actions, anxiety-like behavior, and inflammation-induced pain.
  4. Evidence row 64

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33998900

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
  5. Evidence row 65

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35994012

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Therapeutic Effects of Non-Euphorigenic Cannabis Extracts in Osteoarthritis.
  6. Evidence row 66

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 34577072

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Novel CBG Derivatives Can Reduce Inflammation, Pain and Obesity.
  7. Evidence row 67

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 37824417

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain: An Updated Review.
  8. Evidence row 68

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 35910331

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Acidic Cannabinoids Suppress Proinflammatory Cytokine Release by Blocking Store-operated Calcium Entry.
  9. Evidence row 69

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 31899693

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids and Opioids in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
  10. Evidence row 70

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 41545891

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic potential of acidic cannabinoids: an update.
  11. Evidence row 157

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39596290

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Exploring Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Safety Profile and Skincare Potential.
  12. Evidence row 158

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 11152013

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in clinical practice.
  13. Evidence row 159

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  14. Evidence row 160

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40206058

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Comprehensive mini-review: therapeutic potential of cannabigerol - focus on the cardiovascular system.
  15. Evidence row 161

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42163693

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Applications, Mechanisms, and Challenges in Modern Medicine.
  16. Evidence row 162

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38496308

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Safety study of cannabidiol products in healthy dogs.
  17. Evidence row 163

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42057192

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Transcriptomic comparison on the mechanism of action of four major constituent cannabinoids in hemp extract.
  18. Evidence row 164

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39004335

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Comparison on the mechanism and potency of hepatotoxicity among hemp extract and its four major constituent cannabinoids.
  19. Evidence row 166

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38777605

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Potential of Cannabichromene (CBC) as a Therapeutic Agent.
  20. Evidence row 167

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40872492

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as Novel SGLT2 Modulators for Renal Glucose Reabsorption in Type 2 Diabetes Management.
  21. Evidence row 168

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37630401

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Therapeutic Potential of Minor Cannabinoids in Dermatological Diseases-A Synthetic Review.
  22. Evidence row 170

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38229238

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: A systematic review of analytical methodologies capable of analysing phytocannabinoids in cosmetics.
  23. Evidence row 174

    CBG studied for safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, adverse-event, impairment, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36916438

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of cannabigerol.
  24. Evidence row 248

    CBG studied for Rare phytocannabinoids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: Rare phytocannabinoids research topics). PMID 38885660

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabicyclol Block SARS-CoV-2 Cell Fusion.
  25. Evidence row 540

    CBG studied for Pain-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: pain-related outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  26. Evidence row 541

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  27. Evidence row 542

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39596290

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Exploring Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Safety Profile and Skincare Potential.
  28. Evidence row 543

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Pediatric, adolescent, or developmental context mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 11152013

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in clinical practice.
  29. Evidence row 544

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37947792

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
  30. Evidence row 545

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40206058

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Comprehensive mini-review: therapeutic potential of cannabigerol - focus on the cardiovascular system.
  31. Evidence row 546

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preliminary human (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 38496308

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Safety study of cannabidiol products in healthy dogs.
  32. Evidence row 547

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36796712

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Safety assessment and redox status in rats after chronic exposure to cannabidiol and cannabigerol.
  33. Evidence row 548

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40540228

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Identification of Cannabigerol-Derived Dual CB2 Receptor Agonists and TRPM8 Antagonists with Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities.
  34. Evidence row 549

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 39699828

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Vacuous Chewing Movements in Mice.
  35. Evidence row 550

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40523564

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol does not affect contextual fear memory in mice but modulates nociception in a sex-dependent manner.
  36. Evidence row 551

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 35462234

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Non-psychotropic cannabinoids as inhibitors of TET1 protein.
  37. Evidence row 552

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 40326034

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabinoid Receptors in Major Depressive Disorder: Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In-vivo Analysis.
  38. Evidence row 553

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 33562819

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol Is a Potential Therapeutic Agent in a Novel Combined Therapy for Glioblastoma.
  39. Evidence row 554

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41548647

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Could cannabigerol protect against neuroinflammation? Insights from an in vitro microglial study.
  40. Evidence row 555

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 37414155

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Under the umbrella of depression and Alzheimer's disease physiopathology: Can cannabinoids be a dual-pleiotropic therapy?
  41. Evidence row 556

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Pregnancy, lactation, or reproductive context mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42107483

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The impact of cannabigerol exposure on human endometrial stromal cells decidualization.
  42. Evidence row 557

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36497400

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The Cytotoxic Effects of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol on Glioblastoma Stem Cells May Mostly Involve GPR55 and TRPV1 Signalling.
  43. Evidence row 558

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 42352060

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabichromene Induce Lung Cancer Cell Death and Apoptosis-Contribution of PPARα to Cannabigerol Effects.
  44. Evidence row 559

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 32628766

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Identifying and Quantifying Cannabinoids in Biological Matrices in the Medical and Legal Cannabis Era.
  45. Evidence row 560

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 36272108

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of cannabinoids in human plasma and tissues.
  46. Evidence row 561

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 41934896

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids in depression and cognitive dysfunction: Evidence from preclinical models.
  47. Evidence row 562

    CBG studied for safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: safety, tolerability, adverse-event, impairment, toxicity, or formulation-specific concerns). PMID 35246858

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Single dose and chronic oral administration of cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid-rich hemp extract in fed and fasted dogs: Physiological effect and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
  48. Evidence row 563

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  49. Evidence row 564

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  50. Evidence row 565

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 33998900

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
  51. Evidence row 566

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 38885660

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabicyclol Block SARS-CoV-2 Cell Fusion.
  52. Evidence row 567

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 33168643

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol.
  53. Evidence row 568

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40967679

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: Chemical diversity, receptor binding affinity, and pharmacology of phytocannabinoids: Insights into neuronal mechanisms.
  54. Evidence row 569

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28120231

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids.
  55. Evidence row 570

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 25269802

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid.
  56. Evidence row 571

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 42105814

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.
  57. Evidence row 572

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40540228

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Identification of Cannabigerol-Derived Dual CB2 Receptor Agonists and TRPM8 Antagonists with Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities.
  58. Evidence row 573

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40326034

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol and Cannabinoid Receptors in Major Depressive Disorder: Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In-vivo Analysis.
  59. Evidence row 574

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 39003387

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute effects of cannabigerol on anxiety, stress, and mood: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, field trial.
  60. Evidence row 575

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35887277

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol.
  61. Evidence row 576

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 22150623

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
  62. Evidence row 577

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40046175

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: The Pharmacology of Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain.
  63. Evidence row 578

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 37305529

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol modulates α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat.
  64. Evidence row 579

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 41155621

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Modulates Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Expression in the Spinal Dorsal Horn and Attenuates Neuropathic Pain Models.
  65. Evidence row 580

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 40706771

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Effects of cannabidiol, cannabichromene, cannabidivarin, cannabigerol and cannabinol in endometrial cells: Implications for endocrine and senescence modulation.
  66. Evidence row 581

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 20002104

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist.
  67. Evidence row 582

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 35615681

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Acute Cannabigerol Administration Lowers Blood Pressure in Mice.
  68. Evidence row 583

    CBG modulates receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, metabolic, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 41435878

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol reverses mechanical allodynia through α2A-adrenergic modulation of thalamocortical signaling in chemotherapy-induced neuropathy.
  69. Evidence row 584

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39598860

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol (CBG): A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.
  70. Evidence row 585

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 21749363

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
  71. Evidence row 586

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39322049

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally administered Cannabigerol (CBG) in rats: Cannabimimetic actions, anxiety-like behavior, and inflammation-induced pain.
  72. Evidence row 587

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Systematic review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 33998900

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Systematic review. Source: The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies.
  73. Evidence row 588

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39921943

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis.
  74. Evidence row 589

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 23415610

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease.
  75. Evidence row 590

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39699828

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Mitigates Haloperidol-Induced Vacuous Chewing Movements in Mice.
  76. Evidence row 591

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36615835

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Low-Dose Administration of Cannabigerol Attenuates Inflammation and Fibrosis Associated with Methionine/Choline Deficient Diet-Induced NASH Model via Modulation of Cannabinoid Receptor.
  77. Evidence row 592

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40818359

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol attenuates liver fibrosis via AMPK activation: Regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation.
  78. Evidence row 593

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 35614947

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Medical Cannabis Activity Against Inflammation: Active Compounds and Modes of Action.
  79. Evidence row 594

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40725084

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Targeting Vascular and Inflammatory Crosstalk: Cannabigerol as a Dual-Pathway Modulator in Rosacea.
  80. Evidence row 595

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41914282

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Cannabigerol Reduces Lipid Peroxidation Influencing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Signaling Pathways in Melanocytes Exposed to UVA Radiation.
  81. Evidence row 596

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41423277

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Exerts In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects via Inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB Pathways.
  82. Evidence row 597

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40362835

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol Alleviates Liver Damage in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis Female Mice via Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1.
  83. Evidence row 598

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39009468

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: High Cannabigerol Hemp Extract Moderates Colitis and Modulates the Microbiome in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model.
  84. Evidence row 599

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 41056638

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Sphingolipid metabolism and insulin resistance - Does cannabigerol protect against experimental colitis induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet?
  85. Evidence row 600

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 36654096

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L.
  86. Evidence row 601

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 29562280

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Meta-analysis or systematic evidence synthesis. Source: The Use of Cannabinoids in Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  87. Evidence row 602

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 40943856

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Orally Administered CBD/CBG Hemp Extract Reduces Severity of Ulcerative Colitis and Pain in a Murine Model.
  88. Evidence row 603

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 39128189

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol as an anti-inflammatory agent altering the level of arachidonic acid derivatives in the colon tissue of rats subjected to a high-fat high-sucrose diet.
  89. Evidence row 604

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 28343385

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Animal study. Source: Development of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Cannabidiol, Cannabidivarin, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin, and Cannabigerol in Mouse Peripheral Tissues.
  90. Evidence row 605

    CBG studied for Inflammation-related outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: inflammation-related or immune outcomes). PMID 32996187

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation.
  91. Evidence row 606

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 39596290

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Exploring Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Safety Profile and Skincare Potential.
  92. Evidence row 607

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 36916438

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: The antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of cannabigerol.
  93. Evidence row 608

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 40725084

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Targeting Vascular and Inflammatory Crosstalk: Cannabigerol as a Dual-Pathway Modulator in Rosacea.
  94. Evidence row 609

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 36768709

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol Exert Antimicrobial Activity without Compromising Skin Microbiota.
  95. Evidence row 610

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 35056807

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties.
  96. Evidence row 611

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 39851511

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabigerol In Vitro and In Vivo Are Mediated Through the JAK/STAT/NFκB Signaling Pathway.
  97. Evidence row 612

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 40124934

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Evaluation of Biophysical Parameters of the Skin of Patients With Atopic Dermatitis After Application of an Ointment Containing 30% Cannabidiol and 5% Cannabigerol.
  98. Evidence row 613

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 37949940

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Mannich-type modifications of (-)-cannabidiol and (-)-cannabigerol leading to new, bioactive derivatives.
  99. Evidence row 614

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 39647320

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Skin cells protection against UVA radiation - The comparison of various antioxidants and viability tests.
  100. Evidence row 615

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 38889235

    Evidence class: insufficient. Source: Minor Cannabinoids as Inhibitors of Skin Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis and Biological Evaluation.
  101. Evidence row 616

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 37652708

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: The Anti-Inflammatory Action of Cannabigerol Accompanied by the Antioxidant Effect of 3-O-ethyl Ascorbic Acid in UVA-Irradiated Human Keratinocytes.
  102. Evidence row 617

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 39357769

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: A new cannabigerol derivative, LE-127/2, induces autophagy mediated cell death in human cutaneous melanoma cells.
  103. Evidence row 618

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 41645347

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Design, synthesis, and biological profiling of fluorinated cannabidiol and cannabigerol derivatives as promising therapeutic agents.
  104. Evidence row 619

    CBG studied for Skin and inflammatory dermatology; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: skin, dermatology, or topical inflammatory outcomes). PMID 27094344

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: Differential effectiveness of selected non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids on human sebocyte functions implicates their introduction in dry/seborrhoeic skin and acne treatment.
  105. Evidence row 620

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32899626

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: It Is Our Turn to Get Cannabis High: Put Cannabinoids in Food and Health Baskets.
  106. Evidence row 621

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 33230154

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa.
  107. Evidence row 622

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 42105814

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoids in autoimmune diseases: mechanistic insights and translational challenges.
  108. Evidence row 623

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 37305529

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabigerol modulates α2-adrenoceptor and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated electrophysiological effects on dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus neurons and anxiety behavior in rat.
  109. Evidence row 624

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 41056638

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Sphingolipid metabolism and insulin resistance - Does cannabigerol protect against experimental colitis induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet?
  110. Evidence row 625

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 36654096

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabigerol and cannabichromene in Cannabis sativa L.
  111. Evidence row 626

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 27503475

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Cannabigerol is a novel, well-tolerated appetite stimulant in pre-satiated rats.
  112. Evidence row 627

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 36397993

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Pharmacological Aspects and Biological Effects of Cannabigerol and Its Synthetic Derivatives.
  113. Evidence row 628

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 28125508

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: A cannabigerol-rich Cannabis sativa extract, devoid of [INCREMENT]9-tetrahydrocannabinol, elicits hyperphagia in rats.
  114. Evidence row 629

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Human clinical study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 34569849

    Evidence class: preliminary human; Study design: Human clinical study. Source: Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms.
  115. Evidence row 630

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31035309

    Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Chemotherapy-induced cachexia dysregulates hypothalamic and systemic lipoamines and is attenuated by cannabigerol.
  116. Evidence row 631

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 31941059

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat Hypo-E22 cells and Isolated Hypothalamus.
  117. Evidence row 632

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 32795544

    Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Urinary cannabinoid mass spectrometry profiles differentiate dronabinol from cannabis use.
  118. Evidence row 633

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 21924288

    Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Phytocannabinoids as novel therapeutic agents in CNS disorders.
  119. Evidence row 634

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 22543671

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Cannabinol and cannabidiol exert opposing effects on rat feeding patterns.
  120. Evidence row 635

    CBG studied for Appetite and metabolic outcomes; evidence class: preclinical (outcome measure: appetite-related, weight, glucose, or metabolic outcomes). PMID 39192735

    Evidence class: preclinical. Source: Ensiling conditions and changes of cannabinoid concentration in industrial hemp.
  121. Evidence row 1051

    CBG modulates TRPM8; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRPM8 channel activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 25269802

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid.
  122. Evidence row 1052

    CBG modulates TRPM8; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: TRPM8 channel activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 40540228

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Identification of Cannabigerol-Derived Dual CB2 Receptor Agonists and TRPM8 Antagonists with Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities.
  123. Evidence row 1062

    CBG modulates TRPM8; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (outcome measure: TRPM8 channel activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 30077611

    Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Iodine-mediated cyclization of cannabigerol (CBG) expands the cannabinoid biological and chemical space.