Safety Reading Notes
Read safety context beside the research guide.
The GPR119 source set includes safety-context rows around OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. Public reading should keep these rows beside the benefit-oriented buckets, because product identity, dose, route, population, impairment, interactions, and adverse-event context can change what a study means. PMID 18426507
Mechanistic research summary: insufficient (4), mechanistic or pharmacological (3)
PubMed For Dummies Article
GPR119 Evidence Review: the long-form source walk-through
- GPR119 currently has 29 source-backed evidence row(s), so this page should be read as a research guide rather than a single conclusion. PMID 18426507
- The evidence classes most visible in the row language are insufficient (22), mechanistic or pharmacological (5), preclinical (1), and preliminary human (1). PMID 31146657
- The study-design language most visible in the row language is Narrative or expert review (22), Animal study (4), and Cellular or in vitro study (1). PMID 30670965
- The repeated topics are GPR119 (8), OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safet... (7), receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms (5), GPR18 (2), and other mapped categories (7), which tells the reader where to start opening PubMed and DOI links. PMID 28826536
Start with the research question
GPR119 is built from 29 source-backed evidence row(s) and 21 research source(s). The current evidence classes read as insufficient (22), mechanistic or pharmacological (5), preclinical (1), and preliminary human (1), and the study-design language most often reads as Narrative or expert review (22), Animal study (4), and Cellular or in vitro study (1). PMID 18426507
The row-level question is not simply whether GPR119 is "good" or "bad." The useful question is what each row studied, what evidence class it received, and whether the source is close to the reader's actual question. The most repeated row topics are GPR119 (8), OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safet... (7), receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms (5), GPR18 (2), and other mapped categories (7). PMID 18426507
Rows involving human participants, patients, or clinical source language. These rows are closer to everyday reader questions, but still depend on population, dose, route, comparator, and endpoint. PMID 30767756
Animal, cellular, or model-based rows. These can explain why a topic is being studied, but they should not be read as human-health instructions. PMID 30550613
Rows about receptors, enzymes, channels, metabolism, binding, signaling, or pharmacology. These explain plausibility without proving a consumer outcome. PMID 24677570
Rows where safety, tolerability, risk, product limits, or insufficient evidence need to stay visible next to the rest of the article. PMID 40562148
The lane labels are not a quality score. They are a reading method: keep human evidence, preclinical evidence, mechanisms, and uncertainty in separate mental boxes before deciding what a source can actually support. PMID 19413995
Where this page has the most source density
The largest bucket surfaced for this page is OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. That does not automatically mean the topic is settled; it means this is where the current source trail is densest. The next visible bucket is GPR119, which gives readers another way to see what the literature repeatedly circles. PMID 18426507
Source density should be read with evidence posture. A bucket can contain many rows and still be limited if the studies are indirect, mixed, preclinical, product-specific, or mostly review-level. The paragraphs below name the buckets directly and keep each explanation connected to a source record. PMID 18426507
Bucket chapters: what the literature is circling
OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms
GPR119 appears in rows studying OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 7 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 18426507
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 1092
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narr... PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 1104
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor... PMID 42068417
GPR119
GPR119 appears in rows about GPR119 mechanisms. It currently draws from 6 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 18426507
Read this bucket as closer to a real-world question, then check the study population, dose, product, comparator, and endpoint before generalizing beyond the source. PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 963
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signa... PMID 18426507
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Evidence row 970
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 30537148
GPR119
GPR119 appears in rows about GPR119 mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 19413995
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 19413995
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Evidence row 964
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19413995
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Evidence row 965
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiolo... PMID 20353771
GPR18
GPR119 appears in rows about GPR18 mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 28826536
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 28826536
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Evidence row 944
Cannabinoids modulates GPR18; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR18 receptor activity, binding, signaling,... PMID 28826536
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Evidence row 951
Cannabinoids modulates GPR18; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: GPR18 receptor activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 40562148
receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms
GPR119 appears in rows about receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 28826536
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 28826536
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Evidence row 211
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: recept... PMID 28826536
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Evidence row 212
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30767756
receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms
GPR119 appears in rows about receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms mechanisms. It currently draws from 2 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 31146657
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 31146657
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Evidence row 209
Endocannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: re... PMID 31146657
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Evidence row 210
Endocannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30670965
anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms
GPR119 appears in rows studying anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms. It currently draws from 1 research source(s), so the population, dose, route, and endpoint should be checked before reading across contexts. PMID 36150527
Read this bucket as safety context first. It belongs beside any benefit-oriented rows because risk, route, dose, product quality, co-exposures, and population can change what a source means. PMID 36150527
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Evidence row 1063
Anandamide studied for anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anandamide biolog... PMID 36150527
CB1
GPR119 appears in rows about CB1 mechanisms. It currently draws from 1 research source(s), and mechanistic evidence should stay separate from human-outcome evidence. PMID 30767756
Read this bucket as mechanism or pharmacology context. Mechanisms can make the biology easier to understand, but they are not the same thing as a demonstrated effect in people. PMID 30767756
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Evidence row 839
Cannabinoids modulates CB1; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: CB1 neurobehavioral, appetite, metabolic, pain, cognition, or synaptic mechanisms). PMID 30767756
Human evidence, mechanisms, and safety are different lanes
This page currently separates human evidence (1 row(s)), mechanistic evidence (5 row(s)), and safety/tolerability context (0 row(s)). That separation is the heart of the site. Mechanistic evidence can make a topic biologically interesting, but it should not silently become a human outcome. PMID 18426507
Human evidence still depends on population, dose, route, duration, product identity, and endpoint. Safety rows belong in the same reading path as benefit-oriented rows because formulation, co-exposures, prescription medications, impairment context, and higher-risk populations can change how close a source is to a reader's question. PMID 18426507
What this does and does not mean
- It means the page has a traceable source trail. It does not mean every bucket has the same clinical strength. PMID 20353771
- It means mechanisms, animal models, human studies, safety rows, and insufficient-evidence rows are being kept visible as separate evidence types. PMID 19285259
- It does not turn a preclinical mechanism into a consumer recommendation, and it does not treat one product, dose, route, or population as interchangeable with another. PMID 23074242
How to use the source table
The source-backed evidence table below is the audit trail. Each row keeps a public sentence connected to a source record when a PubMed ID or DOI is available. If a sentence feels important, the reader should be able to click through, inspect the study type, and decide whether the source is close to the question they care about. PMID 18426507
This is why the public page is intentionally layered. The top gives the reader a fast orientation. The bucket table groups repeated rows into readable topics. The article body explains the buckets using the actual evidence-row language. The source notes below walk through every evidence row before the source table repeats the technical trace. PMID 18426507
Source-reading checklist for GPR119
- Open the linked PubMed or DOI record. PMID 30787385
- Check whether the source studied humans, animals, cells, chemistry, pharmacology, product testing, or a review of prior literature. PMID 42144898
- Compare the source product, dose, route, population, and endpoint to the question being asked. PMID 30537148
- Look for safety, tolerability, drug-interaction, impairment, pregnancy, pediatric, psychiatric, cardiovascular, and product-quality context before treating the bucket as settled. PMID 17906678
- Return to the evidence table when the article summary sounds too broad; the row is the audit unit. PMID 36150527
Source Notes
GPR119 source-by-source reading notes
These notes pull every evidence row on this page into the readable article body before the source table repeats the audit trail. Each note keeps the row language beside the PubMed or DOI link when available.
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Evidence row 209
Endocannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 31146657
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Potential metabolic and behavioural roles of the putative endocannabinoid receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 in feeding. -
Evidence row 210
Endocannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30670965
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Some Prospective Alternatives for Treating Pain: The Endocannabinoid System and Its Putative Receptors GPR18 and GPR55. -
Evidence row 211
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 28826536
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors. -
Evidence row 212
Cannabinoids modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30767756
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: New Insights in Cannabinoid Receptor Structure and Signaling. -
Evidence row 213
THC modulates receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms; evidence class: preclinical (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: receptor, target, or pharmacology mechanisms). PMID 30550613
Evidence class: preclinical; Study design: Animal study. Source: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol Differentially Regulate Intraocular Pressure. -
Evidence row 295
Endocannabinoids studied for Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipids research topics). PMID 24677570
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. -
Evidence row 839
Cannabinoids modulates CB1; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: CB1 neurobehavioral, appetite, metabolic, pain, cognition, or synaptic mechanisms). PMID 30767756
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: New Insights in Cannabinoid Receptor Structure and Signaling. -
Evidence row 926
Cannabinoids modulates GPR55; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR55 receptor activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 28826536
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors. -
Evidence row 944
Cannabinoids modulates GPR18; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR18 receptor activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 28826536
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors. -
Evidence row 951
Cannabinoids modulates GPR18; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: GPR18 receptor activity, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 40562148
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological. Source: Structural insights into the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 119 by the agonist GSK1292263 and ligands selectivity among novel cannabinoid receptors. -
Evidence row 963
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 18426507
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoids and nutrition. -
Evidence row 964
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19413995
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: N-acylethanolamines, anandamide and food intake. -
Evidence row 965
Anandamide modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 20353771
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners. Proposed role in the diseased brain. -
Evidence row 966
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 19285259
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. -
Evidence row 967
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 23074242
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Regulation of GPR119 receptor activity with endocannabinoid-like lipids. -
Evidence row 968
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: preliminary human (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 30787385
Evidence class: preliminary human. Source: Members of the endocannabinoid system are distinctly regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. -
Evidence row 969
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 42144898
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the endocannabinoid system in obesity: Mechanistic insights and pharmacological opportunities beyond incretin-based therapies. -
Evidence row 970
Endocannabinoids modulates GPR119; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: GPR119 receptor activity, binding, signaling, metabolic physiology, or pharmacology). PMID 30537148
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Oleoylethanolamide: A novel pharmaceutical agent in the management of obesity-an updated review. -
Evidence row 977
OEA modulates TRPV1; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: TRPV1 channel activity, desensitization, binding, signaling, or pharmacology). PMID 17906678
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Novel cannabinoid receptors. -
Evidence row 1063
Anandamide studied for anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: anandamide biology, receptor pharmacology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 36150527
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines: A class of signaling lipids with therapeutic opportunities. -
Evidence row 1092
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 18426507
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Endocannabinoids and nutrition. -
Evidence row 1093
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 19413995
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: N-acylethanolamines, anandamide and food intake. -
Evidence row 1094
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 19285259
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. -
Evidence row 1097
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 17449181
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Analgesic properties of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in visceral and inflammatory pain. -
Evidence row 1102
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Human participants or patients mentioned; study design: Cellular or in vitro study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 32142797
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Cellular or in vitro study. Source: GPR119 Is a Potent Regulator of Human Sebocyte Biology. -
Evidence row 1103
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Animal study; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 30702457
Evidence class: mechanistic or pharmacological; Study design: Animal study. Source: Oea Signaling Pathways and the Metabolic Benefits of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy. -
Evidence row 1104
OEA studied for OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: OEA biology, receptor pharmacology, feeding, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 42068417
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Regulation of Cholesterol and Triglyceride Metabolism by Fatty acid Ethanolamides. -
Evidence row 1172
LEA studied for LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Cellular or in vitro model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: LEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 24677570
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Classical endocannabinoid-like compounds and their regulation by nutrients. -
Evidence row 1186
SEA studied for SEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms; evidence class: insufficient (population or model: Animal model mentioned; study design: Narrative or expert review; outcome measure: SEA biology, metabolism, physiology, or safety-relevant mechanisms). PMID 20353771
Evidence class: insufficient; Study design: Narrative or expert review. Source: Palmitoylethanolamide and other anandamide congeners. Proposed role in the diseased brain.